Introduction to Thermodynamics

Prepared by: Engr.Alexander Hamilton S. Atienza

Introduction

Thermodynamics -It is a branch of physical science that treats various

phenomena of energy and other related properties of matter

Definition of terms System -It is the term given to the collection of matter
under consideration enclosed within the boundary

Surrounding
-It is the region outside the boundary of the space and matter external to a system

Definition of Terms
Surrounding -sunlight,air System System Boundary

Application of Thermodynamics to building structures

-Heat Transfer -Air Conditioning -Refrigeration -Application on Machines (Pump, Compressor,Turbine,Condenser,Evaporator,Turbine etc)

Definition of terms
Types of Systems Open System
-It is a system in which there is flow of matter through the boundary

Definition of terms
Types of Systems Closed system
-It is a system in which there is no transfer of matter across the boundary

Definition of terms
Types of Systems Isolated system
-It is a system in which neither mass nor energy cross the boundaries and it is not influenced by the surroundings

Definition of terms State

-It is a set of values of properties of a system that must be specified to reproduce the system -The individual parameters are known as state variables, state parameters or thermodynamic variables -Once a sufficient set of thermodynamic variables have been specified, values of all other properties of the system are uniquely determined.

Definition of terms
State functions
-State functions, also called thermodynamic variables, state quantities, or a functions of state describe the momentary condition of a thermodynamic system.

Definition of Terms State Functions

- Regardless of the path by

Initial State

which a system goes from one state to another i.e., the sequence of intermediate states the total change in any state variable will be the same

2 Final State

Application-Building Structure
y Refrigeration Systems y Airconditioning Systems y Pump and Compressor systems y Heat Engines

Refrigeration System

Airconditioning System

Parts Identification
Evaporator-It is a device used to turn (or allow to turn) the liquid form of some chemical into its gaseous form. For example, an evaporator is used in an air conditioning system to allow the compressed cooling chemical (for example, Freon) to evaporate from liquid to gas, absorbing heat in the process.

Parts Identification
Condenser-It is a device or unit used to condense a substance from its gaseous to its liquid state, typically by cooling it

Parts Identification
Compressor- is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume

Parts Identification
Expansion Valve-It is a component in refrigeration and air conditioning systems that controls the amount of refrigerant flow into the evaporator thereby controlling the superheating at the outlet of the evaporator. Thermal expansion valves are often referred to generically as "metering devices"

Simple Steam Power Plant

Steam Power Plant Cycle

Power plants generate electrical power by using fuels like coal, oil or natural gas. A simple power plant consists of a boiler, turbine, condenser and a pump. Fuel, burned in the boiler and superheater, heats the water to generate steam. The steam is then heated to a superheated state in the superheater. This steam is used to rotate the turbine which powers the generator. Electrical energy is generated when the generator windings rotate in a strong magnetic field. After the steam leaves the turbine it is cooled to its liquid state in the condenser. The liquid is pressurized by the pump prior to going back to the boiler.

Main Parts of a Steam Power Plant

A simple power plant is described by a Rankine Cycle

Steam Power Plant Cycle

Steam turbine-It is is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. Its modern manifestation was invented by Sir Charles Parsons in 1884.

Steam Power Plant Cycle

Condenser-It is the commonly used term for a water-cooled shell and tube heat exchanger installed on the exhaust steam from a steam turbine in thermal power stations

Steam Power Plant Cycle

Boiler It is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications.

Steam Power Plant Cycle

Pump- It is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids, gases or slurries.A pump displaces a volume by physical or mechanical action.

Heat Engine
heat engine-It is a system that performs the conversion of heat or thermal energy to mechanical work. It does this by bringing a working substance from a high temperature state to a lower temperature state

Heat Engines
Carnot heat engine is a hypothetical engine that operates on the reversible Carnot cycle. The basic model for this engine was developed by Nicolas Lonard Sadi Carnot in 1824

Definition of terms
State functions
Pressure Temperature Volume Internal Energy Enthalpy Entropy

Definition of terms State functions Pressure

-It is is an effect which

occurs when a force is applied on a surface. pressure is the amount of force acting on a unit area.

Area

Force

Definition of terms
Temperature
-It indicates the hotness or coldness of a body

Absolute zero
-It is the temperature at which the molecules stop moving

Absolute temperature
-It is the temperature measured from absolute zero

Definition of terms Pressure(P)

Atmospheric Pressure -It is the pressure obtained from barometric reading Gage Pressure -It is the pressure measured from the level of atmospheric pressure by most pressure recording instrument like pressure gage

Definition of terms Pressure(P)

Absolute Pressure -It is the true pressure measured above a perfect vacuum. It is the sum of the atmospheric and gage pressure

Pabs=Patm+Pgage

Definition of terms
Temperature(T)
-It indicates the hotness or coldness of a body

Absolute zero
-It is the temperature at which the molecules stop moving

Absolute temperature
-It is the temperature measured from absolute zero

Definition of terms
Volume(V)
-it refers to the volume of the working fluid in the system

Internal Energy(U)
It is the energy stored within the body. It is the sum of all the kinetic energies of all of its constituents particles plus the sum of all the potential energies of interaction among these particles

Definition of terms Enthalpy(H)

-It is the heat energy transferred to a substance at a constant pressure process

H=U + PV
where H = Enthalpy U= Internal Energy P=Absolute Pressure V= Volume

Definition of terms
Entropy(S)
-It is the measure of randomness of the molecules of the substance

Definition of terms
Process
-It describes that a system undergoes any change A thermodynamic process can be visualized by graphically plotting the changes to the system's state variables. These processes can be represented by the PV (Pressure Volume) Diagram and T-S( Temperature- Entropy) Diagram

Definition of terms
Isobaric Process
-It is a thermodynamic process wherein pressure stays constant
2 P 1 2 T 1

Definition of terms
Isochoric Process
-It is a thermodynamic process wherein volume stays constant
2 P 1 T 1 2

Definition of terms
Isothermal Process
-It is a thermodynamic process wherein temperature stays constant
P 1 T 2 V 1 2

Definition of terms
Isentropic Process
-It is a thermodynamic process wherein entropy stays constant
1 P 1 2 2 V S T

Law of Thermodynamics
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
- If two systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other

Law of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
- It states that energy can be transformed (changed from one form to another), but cannot be created or destroyed

Law of Thermodynamics First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy Entering= Energy Leaving
Q+KE1+PE1+H1=W+KE2+PE2+H2 Where Q = Heat KE= Kinetic Energy PE=Potential Energy H =U +PV= Enthalpy W=Work Q System KE1 PE1 H1

KE2 PE2 H2

First Law of Thermodynamics

Heat(Q)= it is a form of energy associated kinetic random motion of large number of molecules Q is positive if heat is added on the system otherwise, it the heat is released from the system, Q is negative Work(W)= is the energy transferred by the system to another that is accounted for by changes in the external generalized mechanical constraints on the system. As such, thermodynamic work is a generalization of the concept of mechanical work in mechanics. W is positive if work is done by the system and negative if work is done on the system

Law of Thermodynamics

+Q -Q System

+W -W

Laws of Thermodynamics Second Law of Thermodynamics

The statement of the second law is facilitated by using the concept of heat engines. Heat engines work in a cycle and convert heat into work. A thermal reservoir is defined as a system which is in equilibrium and large enough so that heat transferred to and from it does not change its temperature appreciably.

Laws of Thermodynamics
y Heat Engine

Second Law of Thermodynamics

y Heat engines usually work between two thermal reservoirs, the

low temperature reservoir and the high temperature reservoir. The performance of a heat engine is measured by its thermal efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of work output to heat input, i.e., = W/Q1, where W is the net work done, and Q1 is heat transferred from the high temperature reservoir. y Heat Pumps y Heat pumps transfer heat from a low temperature reservoir to a high temperature reservoir using external work, and can be considered as reversed heat engines.

Kevin Planck Statement - It is impossible to construct a heat engine which will operate continuously and convert all the heat it draws from a reservoir into work.

Laws of Thermodynamics
TH QH W System TL

Clausius Statement -It is impossible to construct a heat pump which will transfer heat from a low temperature reservoir to a high temperature reservoir without using external work.

TH

QH

QL System TL

Laws of Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics
A change in the entropy (S) of a system is the infinitesimal transfer of heat (Q) to a closed system driving a reversible process, divided by the equilibrium temperature (T) of the system
S= Q/T

Laws of Thermodynamics
Third Law of Thermodynamics
-The total entropy of pure substance approaches zero as the absolute thermodynamic temperature approaches zero As Tabs zero Stotal zero

Formula
Carnot Efficiency: e=(TH-TL)/TH=(QH-QL)/QH First Law of Thermodynamics: Q+KE1+PE1+H1=W+KE2+PE2+H2 Second Law of Thermodynamics:

S= Q/T Work: W=PV

Problems
1. A closed vessel contains air at a temperature of 30C. It was heated at 60C with pressure of 759 mm Hg, what is the initial pressure of the vessel 2. A heat engine is operated between limits of 1370C and 260C. Engine is supplied with 14,142 J. Find the Carnot efficiency. 3. A volume of 450 cm3 of air is measured at a pressure of 740 mm Hg and a temperature of 20 C.

Problems
1. A closed vessel contains air at a temperature of 30C. It was heated at 60C with pressure of 759 mm Hg, what is the initial pressure of the vessel 2. A heat engine is operated between limits of 1370C and 260C. Engine is supplied with 14,142 J. Find the Carnot efficiency. 3. A volume of 450 cm3 of air is measured at a pressure of 740 mm Hg and a temperature of 20 C.Find the moles of air

Problems
4. The thermal efficiency of a particular engine operating on an ideal cycle is 35%. Calculate the heat supplied per 4320 kJ of work developed. 5. Determine the average Cp value in kJ/kg-K of a 1 kg gas if 522 kJ of heat is necessary to raise the temperature from 300 K to 800 K making the pressure constant. 6. The enthalpy of air is increased by 140 J in a compressor. The mass of air is 1kg. The power input is 48 J. What is the heat loss from the compressor in J.

Problems
7. What is the maximum thermal efficiency possible for a power cycle operating between 1200F and 225F. 8. A pressure gage registers 50 psig in a region where the barometer is 14.25 psia. Find the absolute pressure in psia. 9. An air compressor delivers 0.20 m3 of air at a pressure of 850 kPa and 31C into an air reservoir. Taking the gas constant R of air as .287 kJ/kg-K, calculate the mole of air delivered. 10. Gas is enclosed in a cylinder with a weighted piston as the top boundary. The gas is heated and expands from a volume of 0.04m 3to 0.10m 3at a constant pressure of 200 kPa. Calculate the work done by the system