CHAPTER I BASIC CONCEPT OF ETHNIC RELATIONS

OBJECTIVES
UNDERSTANDING OF BASIC CONCEPT OF ETHNIC RELATIONS DISCUSS THE PHENOMENA OF ETHNIC RELATIONS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL CONTEXT KNOWING THAT ETHNIC RELATION IS PARAMOUNT IN MALAYSIA

SOCIETY/COMMUNITY
A group of human community Outline by the bound of culture identity Social solidarity Functional interdependence of each other Sense of eusociality- heirachcy SOCIETY-SOCIETE -SOCIETAS(friendly assoc with other-SOCIUS(Companion)

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Society can be- single ethnic, difference ethnic, nation state, broader cultural group such as Western and Eastern culture group Encompassing the economic, social and industrial infrastructure

Evolution of a Society
Single Unit Family Unit Tribal Unit Community Nation State This evolution can be trigger by economic factor, industrialization, globalization.

Sociologist on Society
Gerhard Emmanuel Lenski
Society level based on Tech,Eco and comm
Hunter gatherer Simple agri Adv Agri Industrilize Virtual

Karl Marx Historical Materialism on Society

Society according Marx is, determined by material condition. Relationship in which people form one and other is to fullfil basic need, home cloth food

Stages in Marx s Society

Egalitarianism/ Primitive Communism
Share property Hunter Gatherer Proto democracy

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Slave society
Class Statism Agri Democracy/ authoritarianism Private property

Fuedalism
Aristocracy Theocratic, oligarchy,Nationstate

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Capitalism
Free market Consumerism Colonialism Parliamentary democracy

Socialism/communism Utopia

GLOBAL ORGANIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL

NATIONSTATE Community Family Family NATIONSTATE

Community

PLURAL SOCIETY
DI Burma, seperti di Jawa, barangkali pekara yang menarik hati Jawa, seorang pelawat ialah campuran kumpulan manusia-orang manusiaeropah, cina, eropah, cina, india dan bumiputera. Dalam erti kata yang lebih bumiputera. tepat, tepat, mereka bergaul tetapi tidak bersatu padu. Setiap padu. kumpulan mempunyai agama, kebudayaan, bahasa, pemikiran kebudayaan, bahasa, dan cara hidup masing-masing. Sebagai orang perseorangan, masing-masing. perseorangan, mereka bergaul tetapi hanya di pasar ketika menjual dan membeli. membeli. Wujudnya satu masyarakat majmuk yang terdiri dari kumpulan manusia yang hidup berdampingan tetapi berasingan dalam unit politik yang sama. Malahan dalam sama. bidang ekonomi wujud pembahagian tugas atas garis perkauman -J.S Furnivall

Plural Society
A popular concept in ethnic relations Coined by a British Administrator- J.S Furnivall 1948 It is pointing at the situation in Burma and Java: A society that characterize by division and conflict between various groups that stay in single political system

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Plural Society-Mix different group ethnic Society Political Sc.-Plural Society by product of Sc.imperialism No common social will Smith-Different in culture, social Smithdisintegration, conflicting

1967-Van Der Berge on Plural Society

NO consensus Multicultural Conflict with different group Autonomous and freedom in social system Force to interdependence in eco and social integration policy Have a dominant group Relation between group is secondary segmented utilitarian (in group-primary)

New Plural Society

GlobalizationGlobalization-David Held Transportation IT Industrialization International migration Booming Economy

NATIONALISM vs PATRIOTISM
Ethnic Base nationalism is a hindrance to total patriotism State have problem to galvanive this though since nationslism of different ethnic constitute to multitude of problem ACEH, Southern Thais, Timor Leste, Xinjiang, Irish, Basque, Chechen, Nagorno Karabakh nationalistic struggle is headache to the multiracial state!!

Cultural

Cultural
Def: Way of life that existed in community: Can be learn, share by its members. Jenks 1993: 4 Cultural Concept
Cultural as a form of thought Determine the Hi and Low of Civilization
Rome, Greek, Persian, Egypt and China

Collective body of Art and Intellectual work-Song, Drama, Theater, Drawing, Library and Museum A human way of life

CULTURE
Linton (1945)-Culture is the way of life, collection of ideas and learning habit, share and pass from one generation to others. (Classical Def in Soc.Sc) Value and Norm

Types of Culture
HIGH CULTURE

SUB CULTURE
In sociology, anthropology and cultural studies: a sub culture is (distinct or hidden) practice by group of people May differ from mainstream culture-sometime act as counter culture to dominant culture

SUB CULTURE
David Riesman 1950 1950-Subculture as a minority to majority mainstream culture-and adopted a subversive values Dick Hebdige 1979-Subculture is a subversion 1979 of normalcy

SUB CULTURE IN MALAYSIA

MALAYSIA also seem to flourish with multitude of sub-culture sub Some a severely threatening the establishment of a healthy youngster and youth

Ethnic And Culture

Since the world evolve through the process of globalization and internationalization-culture can be infuse and diffuse, creating a new brand or rebranding of existing culture What ever ethnic we may be-we are susceptible to different culture from various sources

UNDERSTANDING ETHNIC, RACE AND ETHNIC IDENTITY

ETHNIC and ETHNICITY

Scupin 2003-Ethnic or Ethnicity
Derive from Greek word-ETHNOS or ETHNIKOS From latin (Greek New Testament) Novum Testamentum Grace Meaning-To diff the non christian and non jew people People considers uncivilized and worshiping idol or animisme

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In 19c europe-Ethnic now consider similar to race In which the grouping of human being base on physical form. Banton 1987: 3 theories that classified according to biological different:
Race as decendent-Human from Adam and Eve
monogenesis

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Race as a type
God create Natural disaster Nott and Glidon-Types of Mankind (1854)
Human from the beginning created difflly And this result the state of conflictual between races

Race as a subspecies-Darwinian Natural Selection

Theory of Evolution (The Origin of Species) Survival of the Fittest

 There are theory in Sociology that compartmentalize human into 3 group

Caucasoid Negroid Mongroid

All based on physical aspect Many sociologist reject this type of grouping

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Society or community according to sociologist is a mix (social construction) Sometime character determine social statustall, fair skin

Racism
Because human been group Racism exist Hughes 2002-Racism at 2 level
Individual Institutional

Individual racism racism-Certain race view themselves superior, and some inferior Institutional racism racism-Policy of discrimination: Apartheid

Ethnicity
There is objective and subjective of ethnicity
Objective-Cultural, language,symbol etc Subjective-Aspect of believe, in myth, asal usul, decendent .legend
Hikayat Melayu-Sulalatus Sulatin-Tun Sri Lanang
Melayu malay from-Bukit SeGuntang-Alexander The Great

Ethnicity not only determine by physical and biology but also cultural practice Ethnic based on cultural can be change-ethnic identity

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Approach in understanding ethnicity
Primodialism-Natural/Exist/ do not change-A D Smith Parennialism- Exist and change Constructivism Do not exist-created
Modernist constructivist Creationist-Benedic t Anderson

 1950-Minority-social group that been discriminate due to ethnic, race, biology etc Louis Wirth-Def- A group of people that is distinct physically and culturally from other group in the society, not equally treated. Being the object of collective discrimination. Kinloch 1974-Minority is divided based on:

Minority

Physical, race, gender, age Culture, religion, ethnicity Eco and social class Behavior

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Minority may not be small in number
Small in power Rich and poor Class

Prejudice and Discrimination

Prejudice-Negative thought to something based on irrational generalization It is a subjective phenomena From ethnic/race aspect-3 concepts of prejudice
Cognitive-stereotyping Affective-negative reaction and emotional feeling Behavior-Negative Act to certain group

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Prejudice is attitude..discrimination is act! Act of discrimination
Gender, race, religion, poor, ethnic etc etc

Discrimination connected with prejudice but not necessarily together.