REVERSE OSMOSIS TECHNOLOGY FOR WATER TREATMENT AND WASTEWATER RECYCLING

RANJEET CHOWDHARY Fontus Water Ltd.

WHY TREAT WATER. Water scarcity Increased level of contaminants Depletion of natural source Increasing cost of Water Availability of refined technologies Cost reduction in different areas

Overview

The Membrane Filtration Spectrum Membrane products and configurations RO - Basics, Equations, Terminologies RO System Design Equipment and Installations

Microfiltration

Separation mechanism based on pore size of 0.1 to 1 micron Pressure requirements independent of osmotic pressure of solution Usually full-flow rather than crossflow full-

Microfiltration

Water Flow Product

Feed Concentrate Macromolecules Ions Suspended Particles

Ultrafiltration

Separation mechanism based on pore size of up to 0.1 micron Pressure requirement independent of osmotic pressure Crossflow filtration to provide sweeping flow at membrane surface

Ultrafiltration

Water Flow Product

Feed

Concentrate Macromolecules Ions

Nanofiltration

Minimum size rejected on order of one nanometer Between RO and UF Operates at ultralow pressure Selective permeation of ionic salts and small solutes

Nanofiltration

Water Flow Product

Feed

Concentrate Macromolecules Polyvalent Ions

Monovalent Ions

Membrane Process Characteristics

Reverse Osmosis

Fundamentals of Membranes and Reverse Osmosis

Reverse Osmosis

Application of pressure greater than osmotic pressure of solution Diffusion of water but not salt through a semipermeable membrane in direction opposite of natural flow Crossflow filtration to sweep away concentrated salts

Major Desalination Processes

Distillation 20,000
SW HR

10,000 2,000
BRACKISH WATER Elements

50,000

SEA WATER Elements

40,000 10,000

50
TAP WATER Elements

50 50

1,000 Reverse Osmosis 50,000

Electrodialysis 10,000 300 Ion Exchange 600 10

100, 100,000 Raw Water Salt Concentration (mg/l)

Reverse Osmosis

Water Flow Product

Feed

Concentrate Ions

REVERSE OSMOSIS

What is reverse osmosis What quality of water can be obtained Maintenance and operating cost Other advantages Disadvantage

WHAT IS REVERSE OSMOSIS

is a modern process technology by which water of high solute concentration is forced to flow through a semisemi-permeable membrane to the side of low solute concentration.

Reverse Osmosis

What is semi-permeable? semi-

refers to a membrane that selectively allows certain species to pass through it while retaining others.

Semi-permeable Semi-

Reverse Osmosis Principle

Osmosis

Reverse Osmosis

Conc Dilute Conc

Dilute

MEMBRANE PROCESS

FEED

PERMEATE

CONCENTRATE

RO Membrane Separation Mechanism

Pressure
SO4
++ H2O Mg ++ ++

FEED FLOW

+ Na

Fe

HCO3 H2O
H2O

Concentrated Salts

Ca H2O H2O

Cl H2O
H2O

Membrane

H2O

H2O H2O

Permeate

RO Spiral Wound Element Schematic

Membranes Products and Configurations

Membranes Products and Configurations

Membrane Materials

Cellulose Acetate (CA) Polyamide (PA)

Typical Membrane Properties

o te l oi m lo e ri aim lc Mmra eP Mmra e ebn ebn 8 99 8 99 9 99+ 9 99 9 99 98 99+ 98 99+ 98 99+ 98 99+ 97 99 98+

M n s m 9 99+ a ei 9 99+ lpa te a oa rb n te 9 99+ o c ity 8 99 n ti ilic a 8 9 ae ss

Reverse Osmosis

Feed Water Limiting Parameters Parameter PH Temperature Turbidity Silt density index Oil & grease Free chlorine Fe, Mn Value 3 10 < 45 C < 1.0 NTU < 4.0 Nil < 0.01 mg/l < 0.01 mg/l

TREATMENT SCHEME FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS

Dosing tank ACF Cartridge SBS, filter SHMP, HCl

Water Raw Water Tank RWP

MG F

Treated water RO NaOH Dosing Tank Reje ct HPP

Impurities in Water

Ionic Non Ionic Particulate Microbiological Gases

RO Removes

Ionic Non ionic Particulate Microbiological

Reverse Osmosis: What It Can Do

Remove purified water from a feed stream (permeate) Concentrate chemicals in a feed stream (reject) Selectively separates small ions and molecules

Reverse Osmosis: What It Cannot Do

Cannot concentrate to 100% 100% Cannot separate to 100% 100% Cannot reject gases And is Not always the most cost effective method

Factors Which Affect Performance of Membranes Feedwater Pressure Feedwater Temperature Feedwater Concentration Increased Recovery

Comparative Properties

Property Advantages

CA Membrane Forgiving

PA Membrane High Rejection Lower Energy

DisAdvantages Higher Pressure Low Cl2 Tolerance Higher Energy High Fouling pH Sensitive

Rule of Thumb

100 ppm TDS ~ 1 psi osmotic pressure 1,000 ppm TDS ~10 psi osmotic pressure ~10 35,000 ppm TDS ~350 psi osmotic pressure 35, ~350

Pressure Driven Membrane Processes - Pressures Membrane Process Reverse Osmosis seawater brackish water Nanofiltration Ultrafiltration Microfiltration Typical Operating Pressure Range (PSI) 00 - 1200 100 - 600 50 - 225 30 - 100 2- 45

Membrane Configurations

Membrane Configurations

Spiral Wound Reverse Osmosis

Brine Channel Spacer Product

Water Water Flow

Membranes Permeate
Channel Spacer Prod uct Wat Brine er Brine Feed Brine Seal

System Design

System Design

Overview

Goal of System Design Simplified Overview of System Different Types of Configurations Element Selection Other Factors to be Aware Of Finding Out Customers Needs Factors Affecting RO Performance Membrane Company Projections

RO Pretreatment Options

Suspended Solids Removal Clarification Filtration Primary Membrane UF/MF/EDR Control of biological activity Chlorination/dechlorination Chloramines Non Oxidising Biocides Ultraviolet Light

RO Pretreatment Options

Scale control & pH adjustment Antiscalant Addition Acid Addition Ion Exchange Pretreatment

RO Systems Design

Module (Element): Contains Membrane Tube: Modules in Series (1 - ) (1 Stage: Set of Tubes in Parallel Array: No. of Stages, Tubes/Stage Train: Set of all of the Above

System Design Introductory Remarks. Remarks. System supplier

Goal : Minimize feed pressure and membrane costs while maximizing salt rejection and recovery

Configuration Types/Terminology Array / Stage An Array is a series of parallel vessels with common feed, product and reject lines

Concentrate Pump

Recycle Permeate

Configuration Types/Terminology DoubleDouble-pass = Permeate Staged Refers to configuration where permeate from first array passes as feed to another array
Feed Water Pass 1 Pass 2 Permeate

Pump

Concentrate (drain) Concentrate (sidestream)

Single Module System

Use if flow rate is low Use for low recovery

Permeate

Concentrate Pump

SingleSingle-Array with Parallel Configuration Flow rate can be higher than in singlesingle-module Use for low recovery

Concentrate Pump Permeate

MultiMulti-Array

75% recovery 75% Use for higher recovery Use as way to increase recovery
Concentrate

Pump

Concentrate

(2 Array)
Permeate

MultiMulti-Array

~ 5% recovery Reject from first array feeds into second array

Pump

Permeate

(3 Array)

Concentrate

Recirculation and Recycle to increase recovery by recirculating reject to increase feed flow
Way

Concentrate Pump

Recycle Permeate

Double Pass and Permeate Staged Permeate from first array goes into another array Use when standard permeate quality is not sufficient
Feed Water Pass 1 Pass 2 Permeate

Pump

Concentrate (drain) Concentrate (sidestream)

Element Selection

Element Grade vs. Feed TDS <1,000 mg/l TW or BW <5,000 mg/l BW 5,000-15,000 mg/l 000-15, SW 15,000-50, 15,000-50,000 mg/l SW/HR Dow Filmtec Information

Element Selection

Element Grade vs. Salt Rejection > 0% TW > 5% BW > % SW > % SW/HR Dow Filmtec Information

Element Selection

Element Grade vs. Feed Pressure 300 psi TW 600 psi BW 1,000 psi SW, SW/HR Dow Filmtec Information

Element Selection Length Needed recovery Available space Diameter Required permeate flow Element Diameter <0. gpm 2.5" <13.0 gpm 13. 4.0" .0" >13.0 gpm 13.

Pressure Drop by Vessel

3 5 40 0 p s i p s i

3 0 p s i

3 5 p si 3 0 ps i

Total Pressure Drop = 20 psi 3-5 psi Pressure element Drop per

Other Factors to be Aware of..

One to seven elements per pressure vessel Maximum feed flow physical limitations Minimum brine flow or maximum ratio of permeate flow to feed flow concentration polarization Recovery

Other Factors to be Aware of.. System Design Guidelines Fouling and/or scaling tendency of feed most influences system design Tendency for fouling increases with increasing permeate flux and increasing element recovery Only experience can set limits on permeate flux and element recovery for specific feed Use system design guidelines when previous experience is not available

Other Factors to be Aware of Specification Flow Rate vs. Actual Flow Rate of Element Specification performance vs. actual performance Actual performance depends on operation condition such as temperature changes, water chemistry, and system design

Other Factors to be Aware of..

Fouling factor concept BW 1.0 initial to . 5 in 3 years SW 1.0 initial to . in 3 years

Factors Which Affect Performance of Membranes Pretreatment Feedwater Temperature Feedwater Concentration and analysis Recovery

What FONTUS Offers ?

Total Water Management Single source responsibility Consistent Quality Assured Performance Minimized Risk Return on Investment Value added Services Utility management (O&M)

Objectives & Considerations

Consistent compliance Minimizing operating costs Minimizing waste Minimizing energy Lower maintenance

Bottle Necks

Physical impurities Colour, Odour High BOD & COD. High dissolved solids. Bacterial contamination.

Solution...

FONTUS offers Cutting Edge Technology to overcome these bottle necks using: Microfiltration Ultrafiltration Nanofiltration Reverse Osmosis Ion Exchange process

Package Sewage Treatment Plant Simplicity of design Value for money Easy to install Proven performance and Reliability Best suited for small industrial units and small community sewage

STP Performance Data

S.No . 1 2 pH

Characteristics

Influent

Treated Sewage 6.5 7.5 20 30 mg/l 150 200 mg/l 20 50 mg/l

6.5 7.5 350 400 mg/l

Biological oxygen demand (BOD) Chemical oxygen demand (COD) Suspended Solids (SS)

500 600 mg/l

250 mg/l

TREATMENT SCHEME FOR RECYCLE

Effluent Effluent treatment plant By pass flow UF SBS, SHMP, HCl CartRO feed ridge tank filter

ACF

Reject to ETP NaOH Recycled DG water Blower RO HPP

By pass RO reject flow

Reje ct

For irrigation TDS < 2100 ppm

FONTUS WATER LIMITED Organization Established in 2001 Market leaders in the field of water and waste water treatment Established new trend of packaged water and waste water plants. Supplied more than 3500 systems. Client base of more than 2500 ISO 001:2000 Company 001:

Products Systems Treatment Plants for: Drinking water Municipal Waste Water Industrial Waste Water Membrane Desalination Recycling of Waste Water

Services

Process know-how knowDesign & detail Engineering Supply, Construction & Installation Personnel Training Turn-key Plants TurnAfter Sales service Operation & Maintenance

Waste Water Treatment

Effluent Treatment Plant for the following sectors: Sugar Textiles Tannery Paper Distillery Others Sewage Treatment Plants

How to reach FONTUS WATER?

FONTUS WATER LTD 10TH 10TH FLOOR, BLOCK-B BLOCK50, 50, CHOWRINGHEE ROAD KOLKATA 70071 Voice: 00 1 (33) 400343 7 33) 31 MOBILE: 0 33 2

QUESTIONS TIME

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