Chapter 4

CeII Structure and Function

4.1 CeIIuIar LeveI of Organization
AII organisms are made of ceIIs,
and ceIIs come onIy from
preexisting ceIIs
A little history
van Leeuwenhoek: observed living,
unicellular life (1632-1723)
Robert Hooke: named cells (1635-
1703)
Robert Brown: described nucleus
(1831)
4.1 CeIIuIar LeveI of Organization
A little history, .439
atthais Schleiden: "all plants made
of cells (1838)
Theodor Schwann: "all animals are
made of cells (1839)
Rudolph Virchow: "every cell comes
from a preexisting cell (1850s ?)
4.1 CeIIuIar LeveI of Organization
ell theory
1. all organisms are made of cells
2. cells are the basic units of
structure and function in organisms
3. cells come from other cells
4.1 CeIIuIar LeveI of Organization
ell size
cells are small in order to maintain a
high surface-area-to-volume ratio
Fig. 4.2 Sizes of things
4.1 CeIIuIar LeveI of Organization
icroscopes
Light microscope
light passes through lenses that
magnify an object
magnification: how much large an
object is compared to real size
Electron microscope
transmission (TE): electron
pass through, kills
scanning (SE): electrons
bounce off, 3-D look
Fig. 4A Microscopes
%M (Ieft) and SM (right)
Fig. 4B Photomicrographs
4.2 Prokaryotic CeIIs
Prokaryotes Iack a membrane-
bounded nucIeus
Prokaryotes: lack membrane-
bound organelles (like a nucleus)
simpler and smaller than eukaryotes
numerous
two domains due to biochemical
differences: Archaea, Bacteria
some cause disease, others fix
nitrogen, many decompose
4.2 Prokaryotic CeIIs
Structure of Bacteria
size: (~1-10 3m)
shapes:
bacillus (rod)
coccus (sphere)
spirilla (spiral, rigid)
spirochete (spiral, flexible)
Common bacteriaI shapes
4.2 Prokaryotic CeIIs
Structure of Bacteria, .439
ell envelope: includes plasma
membrane, cell wall, glycocalyx
pIasma membrane: phospholipid
bilayer w/ embedded proteins
ceII waII: maintains shape, made
of peptidogIycan (not cellulose)
gIycocaIyx: outer layer of
polysaccharides; used for
protection, attachment (capsuIe
or slime layer)
4.2 Prokaryotic CeIIs
Structure of Bacteria.439
ytoplasm: solution of water and
inorganic and organic molecules,
including enzymes
contains a single, circular
chromosome located at nucIeoid
pIasmid: extra pieces of circular
DNA
ribosomes synthesize proteins
thyIakoids: internal membranes
in cyanobacteria
Fig. 4.4 Prokaryotic ceII
4.2 Prokaryotic CeIIs
Structure of Bacteria, .439
Appendages (all made of protein)
fIageIIa: used in locomotion
fimbriae: fibers for attachment
sex piIi: hollow tubes for DNA
exchange
4.2 Prokaryotic CeIIs
Structure of Archaea
no peptidoglycan in cell wall; cell
wall contains polysaccharides and
proteins
membrane lipids have
hydrocarbons, not fatty acids
live in extreme environments
(extremophiles), like very salty,
acidic, or hot aqueous environments
4.3 ukaryotic CeIIs
ukaryotes have membrane-
bound organeIIes (compartments)
have a nucleus that houses DNA
much larger than prokaryotes
thought to have arisen from
symbiotic prokaryotes taken in by an
original cell (called endosymbiotic
hypothesis)
Fig. 4.5 Origin of organeIIes
4.3 ukaryotic CeIIs
ell fractionation & centrifugation:
breaks cells and separates
organelles based on density
1. homogenize tissue
2. spin at low speed in centrifuge
3. big parts end up at bottom of
tube: pellet
4. remaining fluid (supernatant)
poured into another container
5. repeat at higher speeds
CeII fractionation and centrifugation
4.3 ukaryotic CeIIs
Structure of Eukaryotic ells
ceII membrane: phospholipid bilayer;
controls what gets in/out
cytopIasm: fluid between membrane
and nucleus; contains organeIIes
cytoskeIeton: maintains cell shape
and helps organelles move
Fig. 4.6a AnimaI ceII
Fig. 4.6b AnimaI ceII
Fig. 4.7a PIant ceII
Fig. 4.7b PIant ceII
4.3 ukaryotic CeIIs
Nucleus and Ribosomes
ucIeus
largest internal structure
surrounded by nucIear enveIope
has pores to allow passage of
material
contains chromatin: stringy
molecules of DNA & histones
Fig. 4.8 Anatomy of the nucIeus
4.3 ukaryotic CeIIs
Nucleus and Ribosomes, .439
Nucleus, .439
if individual molecules can be seen,
called chromosomes
contains nucIeoIus: makes
ribosomes
overall functions:
control on-going activities
carry genetic information (plan for the
cell)
How?
Nucleus
DNA
Replication
RNA
Transcription
CentraI Dogma of BioIogy
!749ein
Translation
Enzymes
Structural
Components
oI the Cell
945lasm (7ib4s4mes)
4.3 ukaryotic CeIIs
Nucleus and Ribosomes, .439
#ibosomes
made of RNA and proteins
no membrane
produce proteins
could be free in cytosol
could be attached to endoplasmic
reticulum
4.3 Free and bound ribosomes
Fig. 4.9 Function of ribosomes
Function of ribosomes
Function of ribosomes
Function of ribosomes
Function of ribosomes
Function of ribosomes
Function of ribosomes
Function of ribosomes
Function of ribosomes
ndomembrane system overview
ndomembrane system
ndomembrane system
ndomembrane system
4.3 ukaryotic CeIIs
Endomembrane System
ndopIasmic reticuIum: folded
membranes that attach to nucleus
Two types:
Rough ER: has ribosomes attached;
produces export proteins and
membrane
Smooth ER: no ribosomes; produces
export lipids, carbohydrate
metabolism, detox drugs/poisons,
store a
2+
Fig. 4.10 ndopIasmic reticuIum (#)
4.3 ukaryotic CeIIs
Endomembrane System, .439
oIgi apparatus: membrane-
enclosed, flattened sacs that are
pinched off portions of membranes
moving from one membrane to
another
delivers materials between
organelles
moves things in and out of the cell
4.3 ukaryotic CeIIs
Endomembrane System, .439
olgi apparatus, .439
modifies, stores and routes
products of ER
produces membrane
sorts and packages exports
tags vesicles with location
produces vesicles
Fig. 4.11 oIgi apparatus
4.3 ukaryotic CeIIs
Endomembrane System, .439
Lysosome: contains hydrolytic
enzymes
catabolizes compounds
optimal pH for lysosome activity is
5; pH maintained by pumping
protons from cytosol
keeps enzymes from digesting cell
digests food particles and recycles
cell materials
Fig. 4.12a Lysosomes
ndomembrane system review
ndomembrane system review
ndomembrane system review
ndomembrane system review
ndomembrane system review
ndomembrane system review
ndomembrane system review
ndomembrane system review
ndomembrane system review
ndomembrane system review
ndomembrane system review
ndomembrane system review
ndomembrane system review
ndomembrane system review
ndomembrane system review
4.3 ukaryotic CeIIs
!eroxisomes and Vacuoles
Peroxisome: membrane-bound
organelle that contains specialized
teams of enzymes
oxidases: transfer protons to
various substrates to make
peroxide (bad)
catalase: convert peroxide to
water and O
2
(good)
breakdown/detoxify many
substances
Fig. 4.14 Peroxisomes
Peroxisome in pIant ceII
4.3 ukaryotic CeIIs
!eroxisomes and Vacuoles, .439
'acuoIe: like a vesicle, but bigger
stores water and solutes
food vacuoles store and digest food
contractile vacuoles release excess
water
in plants, they can store pigments
(like in flowers) or toxic substances
to deter herbivores
4.3 ukaryotic CeIIs
!eroxisomes and Vacuoles, .439
CentraI vacuoIe
large (up to 90% of the cell's
volume), found in plant cells
maintains turgor pressure
stores nutrients and waste
functions like lysosomes in animal
cells
Fig. 4.15 PIant ceII centraI vacuoIe
4.3 ukaryotic CeIIs
Energy-Related Organelles
PIastids: plant and algal organelles
with double membrane, internal
membranes and / or vesicle, and DNA
ChromopIast
colored yellow, orange, or red
(contains pigment other than
chlorophyll)
AmyIopIast (leucoplast)
colorless (white)
stores starches and oils
4.3 ukaryotic CeIIs
Energy-Related Organelles, .439
ChIoropIast
contains green pigment:
chIorophyII
used for photosynthesis which
makes food from inorganic sources
own DNA, own ribosomes, divide to
make more chloroplasts
internal space called stroma
internal membranes called
thyIakoids
Fig. 4.16 ChIoropIast structure
Fig. 4.16b ChIoropIast drawing
Energy-Related Organelles, .439
Mitochondria
outer membrane and folded inner
membrane (called cristae) to
increase surface area
internal space called matrix
used for ceIIuIar respiration which
catabolizes carbohydrates to make
AT!
contain some DNA (mDNA) and
ribosomes
4.3 ukaryotic CeIIs
Fig. 4.17 Mitochondrion structure
Fig. 4.17b Mitochondrion drawing
ytoskeleton
protein fibers inside the cell
Actin fiIaments (microfilaments)
long, thin, flexible
occur in bundles
involved in movement and support
ntermediate fiIaments
intermediate in size
ropelike
involved in support
4.3 ukaryotic CeIIs
Fig. 4.18ab Actin and intermediate
ytoskeleton, .439
MicrotubuIes
hollow cylinders
assembly contolled by M%OC, often
in centrosome near nucleus
involved with structure and
movement
4.3 ukaryotic CeIIs
Fig. 4.18c MicrotubuIes
ytoskeleton, .439
CentrioIes
short cylinders with 9 + 0 pattern of
microtubule triplets
two centrioles lye at right angles in
centrosome of animal and protist
cells
possibly give rise to basaI bodies,
which direct organization of
microtubules in cilia and flagella
replicate during cell division
4.3 ukaryotic CeIIs
Fig. 4.19a CentrioIes
Fig. 4.19b One pair of centrioIes
Fig. 4.19c %wo pairs of centrioIes
ytoskeleton, .439
CiIia and fIageIIa
hairlike projections that can move in
a whiplike fashion or like an oar
both are membrane-bounded
both have a 9 + 2 pattern of
microtubules
cilia are usually smaller and more
numerous
flagella are longer and fewer
4.3 ukaryotic CeIIs
Fig. 4.20 Structure of a fIageIIum