Identification and Definition of a Research Problem

The Research Process

Theoretical / Conceptual Framework Formulation

Statement of Research Problem / Objectives

Statement of Research Problem / Objectives

Hypothesis Formulation Choosing Appropriate Research Design Identification of Target Population & Sampling Data Collection
Preparation of Research Instrument Reliability Testing and Validation Reliability Testing and Validation Reliability Testing and Validation

Data Processing ( Editing , Coding , Encoding , Creation of Data Files Tabulation Data Analysis and Interpretation ( Statistical Analysis , Interpretation , Generalization Report Preparation and Information Dissemination

What is Research?

Research is defined as a careful, systematic

study in a field of knowledge, undertaken to discover or establish facts or principles. It is also defined as a systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to find an answer to a question or a solution to problem, to validate or test an existing theory.

ys: ystematic search for and validation of knowled

h knowledge that directly and indirectly influ

ch as the systematic, objective process of anal

omena that is related to nursing

causes and effects of a situation or a phenom

ies or generate new ones.

ROLES OF NURSES IN RESEARCH qPrincipal Investigator qMember of a Research Team qIdentifier of Researchable Problems qEvaluator of Research Findings qUser of Research Findings qPatient/Client Advocate during Studies qSubject in Studies

RPOSES OF NURSING RESEARCH Basic Research s also referred to as pure research sed to generate new theories

Applied Research t is used to seek solution to immediate proble ommonly used in nursing

SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEM vPersonal Experiences vLiterature Resources vExisting Theories vPrevious Research

CRITERIA IN EVALUATING RESEARCH PROBLEM vClarity vDeclarative/Interrogator sentence vVariable and population inclusion vTestability vEthical consideration vFeasibility vSignificance of study

CRITERIA IN STATING A RESEARCH PROBLEM vWritten in Interrogative Sentence Form Declarative form Interrogative form vIncludes the Population vIncludes the Variables Univariate Bivariate Multivariate vEmpirically Testable

PURPOSE OF REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE vResearch problem identification vResearch framework vMethodology vResearch instrument v Categories of references vLocal/foreign literature vLocal/foreign studies

TIN RELEVANT LITERATURE FOR RESEARCH RE rary mary/secondary sources nt sources ctronic sources

VELOPING CONCEPTUAL / THEORETICAL FRAMEWOR tion of Related Terms T is a word picture or mental idea of a phe ds or terms that symbolize some aspect of rea be very concrete, such as the concept of huma be very abstract, such as the concept of LOVE

t cannot be directly observed but must be infe

quotient

ship between concepts. ical data

ons, and propositions that present a systemati

uses an event to occur cepts

lative in nature and are never considered to b

mbolic representation of some phenomenon or ph

FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS
OBJECTIVES:

1. Discuss the steps in hypothesis testing 2. Formulate and test statistical hypothesis. - calculate the value of test statistic. - identify the critical value(s). 3. State the conclusion of a hypothesis test in simple non technical terms.

HYPOTHESIS TESTING - states that virtually all relationships in data can be examined.

STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS TESTING - is the way of determining the probability that an obtained sample statistic will occur , given a hypothetical population parameter.

ING e of the relationship the researcher thinks e

oncerning the relationship between the variabl potential relationship between two or more var the evidence on why and how the decision was

PURPOSE , FUNCTIONS , AND IMPORTANCE OF HYPOTHESES 1.They help the researcher in designing his study : what methods , research instruments , sampling design , and statistical treatments to use , what data to gather , analyze , interpret on the study. 2.They serve as the basis for determining assumptions. 3.They serve as basis in determining the relevance of the data. 4.They serve as the basis for the explanation or discussion about the data gathered.

IS to be explicit , they have to be expressed as wel pothesis are seldom express if not entirely absen because testing a null hypothesis is easier than tion upon which they are based.

- making process for evaluating , claims about a population , based on the information obt

FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS 1 . STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Includes : . null hypothesis . alternative hypothesis . significance level of the test

COLLECTION OF EVIDENCE ( data ) 2 . SET THE LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE AND THE CRITICAL VALUES OF THE TEST . Includes : . Acceptance and Rejection region in the normal curve . ( critical regions ) TABLES . Z - value . Degrees of freedom . P - value

ANALYSIS OF EVIDENCE ( data ) 3 . FINDING THE TEST STATISTIC Test statistic is the function of sample data on which a conclusion to reject or fail to reject Ho is based . . Check to make sure that any assumptions required for the test are reasonable . . Compute all quantities appearing in the test statistic and then the value of the test statistic itself . . Compare the computed value with the critical or tabular value and then decide to accept or reject the hypothesis .

DECISION ABOUT THE HYPOTHESIS 4 . STATE THE CONCLUSION . . Include the following relevant information . .hypothesis . test procedure . conclusion context .

Statistical Notations Used in Hypothesis Testing

H H

O 0 P s d t v X q X2 F n

a o

Alternative hypothesis Null hypothesis Population parameter such as mean , proportion , variance and standard deviation Hypothetical value of the population parameter. Level of significance , probability of type I error. Probability of type II error Population mean. Population standard deviation. Proportion of a population that has a particular characteristic. Sample standard deviation. Difference between two paired observation. Sample value of t statistics. Degrees of freedom. Sample mean Proportion of a population that has no particular characteristics( q = 1-p ) Sample values of chi-square statistics. Sample value of F statistics. Sample size

TYPES / CLASSIFICATIONS OF HYPOTHESIS

ependent and one dependent variable

more independent variables, two or more dependent var

at no relationship is the null istical analysis.

ve hypothesis ( H ) states the expected relationsh

ated before gathering of data, this will be the basis

l research hypothesis it merely predicts that a

ypothesis it further predicts the type of relatio

HYPOTHESIS CRITERIA
v should be written in a declarative sentence v should be written in present tense v it should contains the population v it should contains the variables v should reflect the problem statement v should be empirically testable

RESEARCH DESIGNS

ted when little is known about the phenomenon of inte

are described or the relationship between variables i causal explanations and are much more rigorous than

RESEARCH DESIGNS

RIMENTAL RESEARCH it is involve with the cause and effect relationship t is also involve in the manipulation or control of independent variables (cause) and measurement of dependent variables (effect) controls are difficult to apply especially if it is with human beings

VALIDITY OF EXPEREMENTAL DESIGNS

luence study results

that may influence the dependent variables other tha

hat may affect the degree to which study results can

THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY

xperimental treatment or the researchers manipulatio

occurs during the course of a study, and this event

bjects during an experimental study influence the st

s given or where subjects have knowledge of baseline

est and posttest measurement caused by a change in t

tween the experimental and comparison groups.

rtain manner because they are aware that they are be

when researcher characteristics or behaviors influen

viewer on respondents answers r, dress, and type of jewelry may influence respondent

rs when subjects have been sensitized to the treatme

the researchers some confidence that the independent

TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS

ed in the study. the comparison group.

ups

imental ves the

e in which there is either no comparison group or su

onequivalent Control Group Design is similar the pretest-posttest control group design except th there is no random assignment of subjects to the experimental and comparison groups

me series Design the researcher periodically observes or measures the subjects the experimental treatment is administered between two of the observations

ollowing problem statements. Please refer to the choices b ment is:

correlation between fathers height and their sons height? difference in the level of assertiveness between men and w difference in anxiety levels after a n exercise? difference in pregnant women who natal classes and those who do not natal classes?

5. Is there a relationship between the self-concept of baccalaureate nursing students and their level of career aspirations? 6. Is there a correlation between exercise and weight loss? 7. Is there a difference in people who have exercised and those who have not exercised? 8. Is there a difference in the birth weights of infants?

hico-legal aspect of research in order to protect human righ on numbers on the corner of the questionnaires correspond her is trying to provide which of the following?

cedures that ensures subject that their responses would tre

udy