that is secreted into the internal body fluids by one cell or a group of cells and has a physiological control effect on other cells of the body.
Classification
LOCAL or TROPIC These hormones have a specific local effects. Acetylcholine secreted at the nerve endings Secretin by the duodenal wall which increases watery secretions of the pancreas GENERAL Secreted by specific endocrine glands Transported to all parts of the body and cause different reactions on all cells or specific cells (target tissue) Growth Hormone by anterior pituitary stimulate all cells Renin secreted by kidneys in response to hypotension affect blood vessels
Chemical Composition
Three basic types
Steroid Hormones
Proteins or Peptides
Hormones from anterior pituitary gland, Anti diuretic hormone, Oxytocin, Insulin, Glucagon, Parathormone etc.
Endocrine System
Most of the general hormones are secreted by
Endocrine Glands
into the blood vessels within the hypothalamus. Then travel to anterior pituitary by hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels. These tropic hormones are going to affect the anterior pituitary by their releasing or inhibiting effects. Meanwhile, the hypothalamus also produces hormones which are transmitted by nerve signals that terminate in posterior pituitary gland and cause secretion of hormones within the posterior pituitary (Oxytocin, Vasopressin or anti-diuretic hormone)
TRH-- Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone This hormone will affect the anterior pituitary which will then affect thyroid gland activity PIH-- Prolactin Release-Inhibiting Hormone Probably there is also present Prolactin Releasing Hormone; These two hormones will affect the secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary CRH-- Corticotropin Releasing Hormone This hormone affects ACTH release from the anterior pituitary GnRH-- Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone This hormone will affect the anterior pituitary & cause secretion of gonadotropic hormnes (Lutieinizing hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone) GHRH-- Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone SS or GHIH Somatostatin or Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone These two hormones affect secretion of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary
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Pituitary Hormones
Anterior Pituitary
Growth of almost all cells and tissues of body Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete adrenocortical hormones
Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)
Prolactin
Posterior Pituitary
Anti Diuretic Hormone or Vasopressin (ADH) Causes kidneys to retain water Deficiency causes Diabetes insipidus Vasoconstriction to blood pressure Oxytocin Uterine contraction during birth process Milk let-down When baby suckles the nipple and areola of the breast of mother sensory impluse are transmitted to hypothalamus and due to reflex action oxytocin and prolactin are released ; Oxytocin causes contraction of myoepithelial cells of mammary glands alveoli expressing milk into the ducts
Thyroid Hormones
Thyroid
Gland
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) controls thyroid secretion by negative feedback mechanism
Thyroid Hormones
Promote growth & development of brain during fetal life & few years of postnatal life Promotes growth in growing children Increase carbohydrate metabolism Increase fat metabolism, fat stores depleted Decreases quantity of cholesterol, phospholipids & triglycerides in plasma Vitamin need increases due to increased metabolism Body weight decreased and appetite increased Vasodilatation, increasing blood flow in body tissues especially more in skin to eliminate heat, increase cardiac output and heart rate, increase strength of heart, slight increase in blood volume. Increased rate and depth of respiration Increased appetite & secretion of digestive juices and motility of gastrointestinal tract Increase cerebration so hyperthyroid person has extreme nervousness, anxiety complex, extreme worry
Thyroid Hormones
Slight increase in thyroid hormone makes muscle react with vigor but excessive quantities cause muscle weakening and less quantity cause muscle to be sluggish & relax Hyperthyroid person has fine muscle tremors Hyperthyroid person feel constant tiredness & difficulty in sleeping; in contrast hypothyroid person has extreme somnolence. In men lack of thyroid hormone cause loss of libido and on other hand excess amount cause impotence In women lack of thyroid hormone cause menorrhagia & polymenorrhagia (excessive & frequent menstrual bleeding), decreased libido and excess amount cause oligomenorrhea & occasionally amenorrhea In hypothyroidism gland increase in size condition called Goiter Calcitonin Promotes deposition of Calcium in bones and thereby decrease Calcium concentration in ECF
Somatostatin -ve
T3, T4
Parathyroid Hormone
Secreted by cells of islets of Langerhans Promotes glucose entry into most cells of the body. Deficiency causes Diabetes mellitus
Glucagon
Secreted by cells Increases the release and synthesis of glucose from the liver into circulating body fluids
Adrenal Gland
Adrenal Cortex Cortisol
Stimulate development of female sex organs and secondary sexual characteristics Development of breasts mammary glands plus deposition of fat around it Preparation of uterus for pregnancy Promotes development of secretary apparatus i.e. lobule alveolar system of the breast
Progesterone
Testes Testosterone
Stimulate growth of male sex organs Promotes development of secondary sexual characteristics
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