Oleh : Kelompok 3

Kurnia Setiawan Widana

Adi Gunawan Muhammad Tatik Handayani

22010002
22010003 22010010

FAKULTAS ILMU DAN TEKNOLOGI KEBUMIAN PROGRAM STUDI MAGISTER GEOLOGI INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG 2011

Referensi
H. Kopp, D. Hindle , D. Klaeschen , O. Oncken , C. Reichert , D. Scholl, 2009, Anatomy of the western Java plate interface from depth-migrated seismic images, Earth and Planetary Science Letters vol. 288 ,p. 399407 Ian Metcalfe, 2011, Tectonic framework and Phanerozoic evolution of Sundaland, Gondwana Research vol.19, p. 321 E. Lschen , C. Mller , H. Kopp , M. Engels , R. Lutz , L. Planert, A. Shulgin , Y.S. Djajadihardja , 2010 , Structure, evolution and tectonic activity of the eastern Sunda forearc, Indonesia,from marine seismic investigations, Tectonophysisc, 124951, Article in Press Hall, R., Clement, B., Smyth, H. R., 2009, Sundaland: Basement Character, Structure and Plate Tectonic, Proceeding, Indonesian Petroleum Assocciation, Thirty-ThirdAnnual Convention and Exhibition, Indonesia. Hall, R., and Morley, C.K., 2004, Sundaland Basins, Geophysical Monograph Series 149, Continent Ocean Interactions Within East Asian Marginal Seas, American Geophysical Union Hall, R., 2002, Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evaluation of SE Asia and SW Pacific, : computer based reconstruction, model and animation, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, vol 20 p. 353451 Smyth, H.R., Hamilton, P.J., Hall, R., Kinny, P.D., 2007, The Deep Crust Beneath Island Arcs: Inherited Zircons Reveal a Gondwana Continental Fragment Beneath East Java, Indonesia, Earth and Planetary Science Letters 258 (2007) 269282

Referensi
J.M. Whittaker , R.D. Mller, M. Sdrolias, C. Heine., 2007. Sunda-Java trench kinematics, slab window formation and overriding plate deformation since the Cretaceous, Earth and Planetary Science Letters , vol 255 ,p 445457

A. Shulgin,H. Kopp,C. Mueller,L. Planert,E. Lueschen,E. R. Fluehand Y. Djajadihardja, 2011, Structural architecture of oceanic plateau subduction offshore Eastern Java and the potential implications for geohazards, Geophysical Journal International vol. 184, p 1228

Clement, B., Hall, R., Smyth, H. R.,, Cottam M.A.,, 2009. Thrusting of a volcanic arc: a new structural model for Java , Petroleum Geoscience, vol. 15 , p. 159174 Smyth, H. R.,, Hall, R., Nichols, G.J., 2008. Cenozoic volcanic arc history of East Java, Indonesia: The stratigraphic record of eruptions on an active continental margin , The Geological Society of AmericaSpecial Paper 436, p.199 - 222

IAN MTCLAFE 2011ABSTRAK Sundaland comprises a heterogeneous collage of continental blocks derived from the IndiaAust margin of eastern Gondwana and assembled by the closure of multiple Tethyan and back-arc oc now represented by suture zones. The continental core of Sundaland comprises a western Sibum and an eastern IndochinaEast Malaya block with an island arc terrane, the Sukhothai Island Arc comprising the Linchang, Sukhothai and Chanthaburi blocks sandwiched between. This island ar the margin of IndochinaEast Malaya, and then separated by back-arc spreading in the Permian Jinghong, NanUttaradit and Sra Kaeo Sutures represent this closed back-arc basin. The Palaeo represented to the west by the ChangningMenglian, Chiang Mai/Inthanon and BentongRaub S The West Sumatra block, and possibly the West Burma block, rifted and separated from Gondwa with Indochina and East Malaya in the Devonian and were accreted to the Sundaland core in the West Burma is now considered to be probably Cathaysian in nature and similar to West Sumatra it was separated by opening of the Andaman Sea basin. South West Borneo and/or East Java-W are now tentatively identified as the missing Argoland which must have separated from NW Aus the Jurassic and these were accreted to SE Sundaland in the Cretaceous. Revised palaeogeogra reconstructions illustrating the tectonic and palaeogeographic evolution of Sundaland and adjace are presented.

Hall, 2002

Hall, 2008

5. Conclusions The Phanerozoic evolution of Sundaland and adjacent regions of SE Asia involved the rifting and separation of three collages of continental terranes (probably as elongate slivers) from eastern Gondwana and the successive opening and closure of three ocean basins, the Palaeo-Tethys, Meso-Tethys and Ceno-Tethys. The Palaeo-Tethys is represented in Sundaland by the Inthanon (Chiang Mai), Chanthaburi (cryptic) and BentongRaub Suture Zones. The Sukhothai Island Arc System, including the Linchang, Sukhothai and Chanthaburi Terranes is identified between the Sibumasu and IndochinaEast Malaya terranes in Sundaland and was constructed on the margin of IndochinaEast Malaya and separated by back-arc spreading in the Permian. The Jinghong, Nan Uttaradit and Sra Kaeo Sutures represent the closed back-arc ocean. The West Sumatra and West Burma blocks rifted and separated from Gondwana, along with Indochina and East Malaya in the Devonian and formed a composite terrane Cathaysialand with South China in the Permian. In the Late PermianEarly Triassic, West Sumatra and West Burma were translated westwards to their positions outboard of Sibumasu by strike-slip translation at the zone of convergence between the MesoTethys and Palaeo-Pacific plates. The continental micro-blocks that rifted and separated from Gondwana in the Jurassic are here identified as East Java, Bawean, Paternoster, West Sulawesi, Mangkalihat and SW Borneo. The East Java, Bawean, Paternoster, West Sulawesi, Mangkalihat comprise Argoland, derived from the Exmouth Plateau region of western Australia, and SW Borneo comprises the Banda block derived from the Banda embayment region of western Australia. These were accreted to SE Sundaland in the Late Cretaceous.

ABSTRAK Newly pre-stack depth-migrated seismic images resolve the structural details of the western plate interface. The structural segmentation of the forearc into discrete mechanical domains distinct deformation styles. Approximately 2/3 of the trench sediment fill is detached and inco frontal prism imbricates, while the floor sequence is underthrust beneath the dcollement. W however, differs markedly from margins such as Nankai or Barbados, where a uniform, conti dcollement reflector has been imaged. In our study area, the plate interface reveals a spatia nonlinear pattern characterized by the morphological relief of subducted seamounts and thic average patches of underthrust sediment. The underthrust sediment is associated with a low determined from wide-angle data. Active underplating is not resolved, but likely contributes to the large bivergent wedge that constitutes the forearc high. Our profile is located 100 km wes Java tsunami earthquake. The heterogeneous dcollement zone regulates the friction behav subduction environment where the earthquake occurred. The alternating pattern of enhanced contact zones associated with oceanic basement relief and weak material patches of underth influences seismic coupling and possibly contributed to the heterogeneous slip distribution. O images resolve a steeply dipping splay fault, which originates at the dcollement and termina floor and which potentially contributes to tsunami generation during co-seismic activity. 2009 Elsevier B.V. All

Koop, 2009

4. Conclusions The re-processed and newly pre-stack depth-migrated profile across the western Java margin images the structural segmentation of the forearc and provides an account of the kinematic evolution of the subduction complex. The complex plate interface is characterized by local morphologic structure and underthrust sediment patches, which likely influence the frictional properties of the shallow megathrust zone. Compared to other dcollement zones in large accretionary systems (e.g. Barbados (Westbrook et al., 1988), Cascadia (Adam et al., 2004) or Nankai (Bangs et al., 2004)), the Java case shows a nonuniform character of irregular thickness (Figs. 2 and 3). Unlike for the well-studied Barbados or Nankai margins, for which a remarkable imaging quality has been documented (e.g. Bangs et al., 1999, 2009), the western Java data are not sufficient to quantify physical property changes along the dcollement. The seismic images of the spatially variable, nonlinear pattern of the dcollement zone, however, support the inference that differential friction along this margin segment may influence earthquake seismogenesis. The splay fault system, which serves as a mechanical boundary between the inner and outer wedges, potentially transfers slip to the seafloor (Kame et al., 2003). This thrust fault connects to the dcollement at a depth of approximately 12 km, rising to the seafloor where it reaches its steepest slope, thus potentially causing significant vertical displacement of the seafloor as often associated with tsunami generation. The 2006 tsunami earthquake occurred 100 km east of our line and underscores the persistent seismic and tsunamigenic hazard of this

Geografi Paparan Sunda

Hall & Morley, 2004

Hall, 2009

Clements et al 2009

Analisis struktur Pulau Jawa

Awang Satyana, 2007

(Smyth et al, 2007)

Macpherson & Hall, 1999

(Smyth et al, 2007)

ABSTRACT The stratigraphic record of volcanic arcs provides insights into their eruptive history, the formation of associated basins, and the character of the deep crust beneath them. Indian Ocean lithosphere was subducted continuously beneath Java from ca. 45 Ma, resulting in formation of a volcanic arc, although volcanic activity was not continuous for all of this period. The lower Cenozoic stratigraphic record on land in East Java provides an excellent opportunity to examine the complete eruptive history of a young, well-preserved volcanic arc from initiation to termination. The Southern Mountains Arc in Java was active from the middle Eocene (ca. 45 Ma) to the early Miocene (ca. 20 Ma), and its activity included signifi cant acidic volcanism that was overlooked in previous studies of the area. In particular, quartz sandstones, previously considered to be terrigenous clastic sedimentary rocks derived from continental crust, are now known to be of volcanic origin. These deposits form part of the fi ll of the Kendeng Basin, a deep fl exural basin that formed in the backarc area, north of the arc. Dating of zircons in the arc rocks indicates that the acidic character of the volcanism can be related to contamination of magmas by a fragment of Archean to Cambrian continental crust that lay beneath the arc. Activity in the Southern Mountains Arc ended in the early Miocene (ca. 20 Ma) with a phase of intense eruptions, including the Semilir event, which distributed ash over a wide area. Following the cessation of the early Cenozoic arc volcanism, there followed a period of volcanic quiescence. Subsequently arc volcanism resumed in the late Miocene (ca. 1210 Ma) in the modern Sunda Arc, the axis of which lies

(Smyth et al, 2008)

(Smyth et al, 2008)

KS JH

(Smyth et al, 2008)

(Smyth et al, 2008)

Stratigrafi zona Pegunungan Selatan, Kendeng dan Rembang

Southern Mountains Zone

Kendeng Zone

Rembang Zone Smyth et.al., 2005

(Smyth et al, 2008)

The early Cenozoic stratigraphy of East Java provides a record of a cycle of arc activity from initiation in the middle Eocene (ca. 42 Ma) to termination in the early Miocene (ca. 20 Ma). The Kendeng Basin, directly behind the Southern Mountains Arc, contains >6 km of volcaniclastic and sedimentary rocks. The basin is not a typical backarc basin, and its subsidence history is linked to volcanic activity within the Southern Mountains Arc. The fi nal stage of volcanic activity in the Southern Mountains Arc is marked by the Semilir Eruption (ca. 20 Ma), which distributed ash over a wide area and may be comparable to the Pleistocene eruption of Toba in Sumatra. Following this phase of major eruptions, there was a lull in volcanic activity during the middle Miocene, followed by resumption in arc activity to the north of the Southern Mountains Arc, along the axis of the modern Sunda Arc during the late Miocene. The mechanisms that resulted in the decline in volcanism, and northward movement in arc axis, are not yet understood and show that our understanding of arcs is still incomplete. The stratigraphic record of volcanic arcs can provide insights into the character of the deep crust. The entire East Java region was previously thought to be underlain by Cretaceous arc and ophiolitic fragments, but Archean to Cambrian zircons within acidic products of the Southern Mountains Arc point to the occurrence of a continental crust of Gondwanan character and western Australian origin beneath the old arc. This continental fragment is thought to have collided with Sundaland during the Cretaceous and is interpreted to have terminated the Cretaceous phase of subduction. The extent of this fragment is not known but may be traceable into Sulawesi. The use of inherited zircons to determine the character of the deep crust may be applicable in other arcs.

ABSTRACT: Java is part of a volcanic island arc situated in the Indonesian archipelago at the southern margin of the Eurasian Plate. Sundaland continental crust, accreted to Eurasia by the Early Mesozoic, now underlies the shallow seas to the north of Java where there has been considerable petroleum exploration. Java has an apparently simple structure in which the eastwest physiographic zones identified by van Bemmelen broadly correspond to structural zones. In the north there is the margin of the Sunda Shelf and, in southern Java, there are Cenozoic volcanic arc rocks produced by spatially and temporally discrete episodes of subduction-related volcanism. Between the Sunda Shelf and the volcanic rocks are Cenozoic depocentres of different ages containing sedimentary and volcanic material derived from north and south. This simplicity is complicated by structures inherited from the oldest period of subduction identified beneath Java, in the Cretaceous, by extension related to development of the volcanic arcs, by extension related to development of the Makassar Straits, by late Cenozoic contraction, and by cross-arc extensional faults which are active today. Based on field observations in different parts of Java, we suggest that major thrusting in southern Java has been overlooked. The thrusting has displaced some of the Early Cenozoic volcanic arc rocks northwards by 50 km or more. We suggest Java can be separated into three distinct structural sectors that broadly correspond to the regions of West, Central and East Java. Central Java displays the deepest structural levels of a series of north-directed thrusts, and Cretaceous basement is exposed; the overthrust volcanic arc has been largely removed by erosion. In West and East Java the overthrust volcanic arc is still preserved. In West Java the arc is now thrust onto the shelf sequences that formed on the Sundaland continental margin. In East Java the volcanic arc is thrust onto a thick volcanic/sedimentary sequence formed north of the arc in a flexural basin due largely to volcanic arc loading. All the components required for a petroleum system are present. This hypothesis is yet to be tested by seismic studies and drilling, but, if correct, there may be unexplored petroleum systems in south Java that are worth investigating.

Clements et al 2009

Clements et al 2009

Clements et al 2009

After Cretaceous collision of an Australian microcontinental fragment with the JavaMeratus subduction system, subduction ceased and there was a passive margin south of Java until the Eocene (Fig. 10). In the Middle Eocene, subduction resumed and a new arc developed south of the Sunda Shelf. The load of volcanoes contributed to the development of a flexural basin between the arc and the shelf that was between 50 km and 100 km wide, and followed the shelf edge running ENE the length of Java. From the Late Eocene to Early Miocene the basin was supplied with quartz-rich clastic sediments by rivers draining the Sunda Shelf in West and Central Java, with subordinate amounts of volcanic debris supplied from the arc volcanoes, which were largely submarine and non-explosive. In East Java, volcanoes were emergent earlier and erupted explosively and supplied greater amounts of volcanic debris to the basin to the north. Arc activity ceased for a period in the Early Miocene and resumed again in the Late Miocene at a location north of the site of the Palaeogene arc. At some time between the Early Miocene and Pliocene, the Palaeogene sequence was thrust northwards, by more than 50 km in West Java, but with probably much smaller displacements in East Java. Java can be separated into three structural sectors of West, Central and East Java. Central Java displays the deepest structural levels of thrusting and Cretaceous basement is exposed; the overthrust volcanic arc has been largely removed by erosion but may be present to the south of Java. In West and East Java the overthrust volcanic arc is still preserved. In West Java the arc is now thrust onto the shelf sequences that formed on the Sundaland continental margin. Northward thrusting of the Palaeogene volcanic arc rocks of the Southern Mountains offers a simpler explanation than autochthonous models for stratigraphic and structural relationships in southern Java. Overthrusting

Setiadji et al, 2006

Setiadji et al, 2006 vide Budiman et al, 2000

t al, 2006

suggest two orogenic events during the Neogene, i.e., in Upper Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene. These compressive events created a major backthrust (the BarabisKendeng thrust) which can be traced from the Sunda Strait eastwards across Java (Simandjuntak and Barber, 1996). The main structural features of Java are shown on Figure 2 and are summarized as follows. Besides the backarc thrust of Barabis-Kendeng fault, there are three main strike-slip faults found in Java. In western Java, the still active NE-SW Cimandiri fault crosscuts the whole of west Java. Another strike-slip fault, namely the Citandui fault, occurs in western Java and trends NWSE. This old and inactive fault was interpreted from gravity data (Untung and Sato, 1978). The third system occurs in central Java, namely the Central Java fault as a NE-SW left-lateral strike-slip fault which crosscuts the whole island (Simandjuntak and Barber, 1996). The 27 May 2006 earthquake Yogyakarta region and killed almost 5,000 people is likely to be associated with this fault system. On the Java Sea part, there are many petroleum sub basins and basement highs controlled by NE structures. Meanwhile, the Sunda Strait has been experiencing crustal opening since 2 Ma and related volcanic activity since 1 Ma (Nishimura et al., 1986).

A 3D visualization of subduction state and petrogenesis of island arc magmas in Java is illustrated in Figure 12. The main magma source in Java is considered partial melting of mantle wedge, triggered by hydrous fluids released from the dehydrated slabs. In many places partial melting occurred at several different depths producing double volcanic chains. The primary magma composition is basalt, with K2O contents increasing to the deeper melting point (backarc-side). During migration to upper crustal levels, the primary parental basalts are modified by fractional crystallization, accumulation, and crustal assimilation. The presence of adakitic rocks that occur erratically among other normal island arc rocks but systematically occur only in central and east Java demonstrates that another type of primary magma is present in eastern Java. This magma has an original intermediate composition and is generated by partial melting of basaltic source rather than mantle peridotite. There are still two possible sources of adakitic magmas in eastern Java: a hot subducted oceanic plate and/or basalt underplate. The clues for the first option come from the geodynamic reconstruction of Java (Hall, 2002) that suggested the presence of an active spreading center between Indian and Australian plates and being subducted somewhere in eastern part of Java island since the initiation of Java trench 50 to 40 Ma (Fig. 13). This model implies the presence of relatively young (hot) basalt being subducted at Java trench even for todays standard (<50 Ma). On the other hand, the basalt underplate source is supported by the fact that eastern Java is underlain mainly by oceanic crust. If this is the reason, then adakitic rocks should also be present in islands east of Java (i.e., Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, and Flores). Regarding the backarc magmatism, there is a mixed geochemical signature between subduction-related volcanic arc magmatism and non-volcanic arc magmatism. Some evidence shows a continuous spectrum between arc magmas and backarc ones, such as the continuous spectrum between high-K and shoshonitic magmas shown on

Abstract H.R. Smyth et al 2007 Inherited zircons in Cenozoic sedimentary and igneous rocks of East Java range in age from Archean to Cenozoic. The distribution of zircons reveals two different basement types at depth. The igneous rocks of the Early Cenozoic arc, found along the southeast coast, contain only Archean to Cambrian zircons. In contrast, clastic rocks of north and west of East Java contain Cretaceous zircons, which are not found in the arc rocks to the south. The presence of Cretaceous zircons supports previous interpretations that much of East Java is underlain by arc and ophiolitic rocks, accreted to the Southeast Asian margin during Cretaceous subduction. However, such accreted material cannot account for the older zircons. The age populations of Archean to Cambrian zircons in the arc rocks are similar to Gondwana crust. We interpret the East Java Early Cenozoic arc to be underlain by a continental fragment of Gondwana origin and not Cretaceous material as previously suggested. Melts rising through the crust, feeding the Early Cenozoic arc, picked up the ancient zircons through assimilation or partial melting. We suggest a Western Australian origin for the fragment, which rifted from Australia during the Mesozoic and collided with Southeast Asia, resulting in the termination of Cretaceous subduction. Continental crust was therefore present at depth beneath the arc in south Java when Cenozoic subduction began in the Eocene. 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Smyth et.al., 2007

Perbandingan data set umur mineral zirkon (Cambrian Archaean) Jawa Timur dengan Perth Basin dan North Borneo

Smyth et.al., 2007

Hall 2008 dimodifikasi dari Smyth et.al., 2007

Smyth et.al., 2007

Smyth et.al., 2007

Penampang tumbukan fragmen benua terhadap sundaland

Smyth et.al., 2007

7. Conclusions This is the first firm evidence of a Gondwana continental fragment in this part of Southeast Asia. Prior to this study little was known about the character of the crust beneath much of Java and in particular nothing was known about the crust beneath the Paleogene arc. The continental fragment beneath the Southern Mountains of East Java was identified by the distribution of ancient zircons in the Cenozoic igneous and sedimentary rocks. UPb dating of zircons from East Java has allowed distinct basement types to be mapped. In the north and west there is Cretaceous accreted arc and ophiolitic material and in the south along the Southern Mountains Arc there is compelling evidence for a fragment of Gondwana continental crust. The rising Cenozoic melts feeding the Southern Mountains Arc mixed with the continental crust and picked up ancient zircons through assimilation or partial melting. This fragment could be large and may extend beneath Sulawesi. The zircons dated in southeast Java are very similar in age to those of the Gondwana terranes of India and Australia. Mesozoic reconstructions of the region show a history of Mesozoic rifting of Gondwana fragments from northwest Australia and this is thought to be the ultimate source of the zircons in the igneous and sedimentary rocks of East Java.

(Whitaker et al, 2007)

4. Conclusions (whitaker 2007) Upper plate strain expected for Sundaland back-arc regions fromreconstructed trench-normal plate motions of the Sundaland core and margin correlate well with known upper plate strain regimes. The three types of upper plate motion to affect the Sundaland margin since 80 Ma are: (1) A consistently advancing upper plate corresponds to compression in the overriding back-arc, caused by the collision between the down-going Indian plate and the advancing Sundaland plate, (2) An advancing upper plate, where the Sundaland margin advances more rapidly than the Sundaland core, correlates with extension in the upper plate e.g. southern Andaman Sea, Sumatra and Java at 30 15 Ma, 3515, and 4515 Ma, respectively. The only mechanism for the margin to advance faster than the core is pulling by subduction hinge rollback, (3) Uniform upper plate retreat correlates with extension in the upper plate in two cases, Javanese crustal extension 6050 Ma, and spreading in the Andaman Sea 150 Ma.

Abstrak Metclafe, 2011 Sundaland comprises a heterogeneous collage of continental blocks derived from the IndiaAustralian margin of eastern Gondwana and assembled by the closure of multiple Tethyan and back-arc ocean basins now represented by suture zones. The continental core of Sundaland comprises a western Sibumasu block and an eastern IndochinaEast Malaya block with an island arc terrane, the Sukhothai Island Arc System, comprising the Linchang, Sukhothai and Chanthaburi blocks sandwiched between. This island arc formed on the margin of IndochinaEast Malaya, and then separated by back-arc spreading in the Permian. The Jinghong, NanUttaradit and Sra Kaeo Sutures represent this closed back-arc basin. The Palaeo-Tethys is represented to the west by the ChangningMenglian, Chiang Mai/Inthanon and BentongRaub Suture Zones. The West Sumatra block, and possibly the West Burma block, rifted and separated from Gondwana, along with Indochina and East Malaya in the Devonian and were accreted to the Sundaland core in the Triassic. West Burma is now considered to be probably Cathaysian in nature and similar to West Sumatra, from which it was separated by opening of the Andaman Sea basin. South West Borneo and/or East Java-West Sulawesi are now tentatively identified as the missing Argoland which must have separated from NW Australia in the Jurassic and these were accreted to SE Sundaland in the Cretaceous. Revised palaeogeographic reconstructions illustrating the tectonic and palaeogeographic evolution of Sundaland and adjacent regions are presented.

(Metclafe, 2006)

(metclafe 2006)

(metclafe 2011)

(metclafe, 2011)

5. Conclusions The Phanerozoic evolution of Sundaland and adjacent regions of SE Asia involved the rifting and separation of three collages of continental terranes (probably as elongate slivers) from eastern Gondwana and the successive opening and closure of three ocean basins, the Palaeo-Tethys, Meso-Tethys and Ceno-Tethys. The Palaeo-Tethys is represented in Sundaland by the Inthanon (Chiang Mai), Chanthaburi (cryptic) and BentongRaub Suture Zones. The Sukhothai Island Arc System, including the Linchang, Sukhothai and Chanthaburi Terranes is identified between the Sibumasu and IndochinaEast Malaya terranes in Sundaland and was constructed on the margin of IndochinaEast Malaya and separated by back-arc spreading in the Permian. The Jinghong, Nan Uttaradit and Sra Kaeo Sutures represent the closed back-arc ocean. The West Sumatra and West Burma blocks rifted and separated from Gondwana, along with Indochina and East Malaya in the Devonian and formed a composite terrane Cathaysialand with South China in the Permian. In the Late PermianEarly Triassic, West Sumatra and West Burma were translated westwards to their positions outboard of Sibumasu by strike-slip translation at the zone of convergence between the MesoTethys and Palaeo-Pacific plates. The continental micro-blocks that rifted and separated from Gondwana in the Jurassic are here identified as East Java, Bawean, Paternoster, West Sulawesi, Mangkalihat and SW Borneo. The East Java, Bawean, Paternoster, West Sulawesi, Mangkalihat comprise Argoland, derived from the Exmouth Plateau region of western Australia, and SW Borneo comprises the Banda block derived from the Banda embayment region of western Australia. These were accreted to SE Sundaland in the Late Cretaceous.

Hall, 2008

Borneo and West Sulawesi (Parkinson et al., 1998). However, outboard of this ophiolitic zone, East Java and West Sulawesi (Fig. 8) are interpreted to be underlain in part by Archean continenta crust. Geochemistry (Elburg et al., 2003) and zircon dating (Smyth et al., 2007; van Leeuwen et al., 2007) indicate that underlying crust formed part of a block rifted from the west Australian margin (Fig. 9). It is not possible to exclude the possibility that zircons are recycled from clastic sediments derived from Archean crust, as is the case for parts of west Australia, but these would presumably rest on Precambrian basement, and relatively few Proterozoic zircons have been found in East Java. At present, bearing in mind that few zircongeochronological studies have been carried out in Indonesia, arrival of a block of Archean continental crust is the simplest explanation for the zircon ages, geochemistry and Late Cretaceous termination of subduction at the Sundaland active margin. Thus, following collision of this block, Sundaland had the form shown in Fig. 7 at the beginning of the Cenozoic

known about the effect of these other plate boundaries on the intraplate stress field in the region. We compile the first extensive stress dataset for Southeast Asia, containing 275 AD quality (177 AC) horizontal stress orientations, consisting of 72 stress indicators from earthquakes (located mostly on the periphery of the plate), 202 stress indicators from breakouts and drilling-induced fractures and one hydraulic fracture test within 14 provinces in the plate interior. This data reveals that a variable stress pattern exists throughout Southeast Asia that is largely inconsistent with the Sunda plate's approximately ESE absolute motion direction. The present-day maximum horizontal stress in Thailand, Vietnam and the Malay Basin is predominately northsouth, consistent with the radiating stress patterns arising from the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. However, the present-day

Luschen et al 2010

The subduction of the Indo-Australian plate along the Java Trench is active since the late Oligocene (e.g. Hamilton, 1979). The overriding plate is continental including Sumatra and western Java (Kopp et al., 2001) and the basement below the forearc basin offshore Bali and Lombok is probably rifted crust of continental character in transition to oceanic character at Sumbawa and further east (Banda Sea) (Van der Werff, 1996). The convergence rate increased from 5 cm/a to 7 cm/a during the last 10 Ma (7.3 cm/a today according to the global velocity model MORVEL, DeMets et al., 2010) and is almost perpendicular to the Java Trench, in contrast to oblique convergence offshore Sumatra, where plate motion is partitioned into thrust and strike-slip movements. The volcanism of the island arc was initiated during the Pliocene and changes from an intermediate composition on East Java to a mafic composition on Sumbawa, which documents a transition from a continental to an oceanic overriding upper plate (Hamilton, 1988). The present-day configuration of plate boundaries in South-East Asia shows a quite complex history of interaction of the Pacific, the Indo-Australian and the Eurasian plate. Reconstructions and modelling by Hall (2002, with a comprehensive literature list) and Hall and Smyth (2008) suggest major plate reorganisations at 45, 25 and 5 Ma.

Since about 1500 km of oceanic plate have been subducted already, a continued process as described may have formed the basement of the outer arc high, the forearc basin as well as the basement of the island arc east of Java, composed of ophiolite sheetsand napes as described e.g. These blank zones just above the basement are a widespread phenomenon in our study area. The involved fluids may originate from dewatering of subducted oceanic sediments pervading the basin basement. In this case it seems to be a continuing process, instead of a cyclic one as observed frequently in the Barbados accretionary prism (Deville et al., 2006). A similar situation is known as the catastrophic East Java mud volcano (Davies et al., 2008). Since most of the oceanic sediments of the Argo Abyssal Plain are subducted (and partly recycled within the outer arc high), the amount of subducted seawater must be relatively high 6. Conclusions Seismic images of unprecedented resolution and depth penetration have been collected during cruise SO190 in the eastern Sundaforearc at the transition from an oceanicisland arc subduction regime to a continental-island arc collision regime in the western Banda arc

SUMMARY The region offshore Eastern Java represents one of the few places where the early stage of oceanic plateau subduction is occurring. We study the little investigated Roo Rise oceanic plateau on the Indian plate, subducting beneath Eurasia. The presence of the abnormal bathymet features entering the trench has a strong effect on the evolution of the subduction system, and causes additional challenges on the assessment of geohazard risks. We present integrated results of a refraction/wide-angle reflection tomography, gravity modelling, and multichannel reflection seismic imaging using data acquired in 2006 south of Java near 113E. The composite structural model reveals the previously unresolved deep geometry of the oceanic plateau and the subduction zone. The oceanic plateau crust is on average 15 km thick and covers an area of about 100 000 km2.Within our profile the Roo Rise crustal thickness ranges between 18 and 12 km. The upper oceanic crust shows high degree of fracturing, suggesting heavy faulting. The forearc crust has an average thickness of 14 km, with a sharp increase to 33 km towards Java, as revealed by gravity modelling. The complex geometry of the backstop suggests two possible models for the structural formation within this segment of the margin: either accumulation of the Roo Rise crustal fragments above the backstop or alternatively uplift of the backstop caused by basal accumulation of crustal fragments. The subducting plateau is affecting the stress field within the accretionary complex and the backstop edge, which favours the initiation of large, potentially tsunamogenic earthquakes such as the 1994 Mw = 7.8 tsunamogenic event

A. Shulgin, 2011

A. Shulgin, 2011

A. Shulgin, 2011

4 CONCLUSION The summary of our results is shown in Fig. 9. In the 113E segment of the Java trench, we observe the approach of the oceanic plateau Roo Rise to the trench, and the effects it causes on the local subduction regime. The Roo Rise is characterized by variable crustal thickness ranging from 18 to 12 km and shallowing towards Java. It extends laterally for at least 70 km within our profile (Fig. 2). Based on the bathymetric data and its link to the presence of a deep compensating crustal root, the thickened oceanic plateau crust with an average thickness of about 15 km is expected to cover an area of approximately 100 000 km2 (200 km 500 km) offshore Central-Eastern Java. The transition to normal oceanic crust is not well defined, but the plateau can extend into the subduction system up to 60 km northward from the trench. The structure of the upper crust of the incoming oceanic plate shows a high degree of fracturing in its top section. This fracturing is clearly visible in the high-resolution bathymetry and MCS transect down to 2 km below the top of the crust (Fig. 8). It is possible that the crust is cut by faults even to a greater depth, as indicated by the low mantle velocities that require fluid percolation (Carlson & Miller 2003), and by an increased level of shallow crustal seismicity (Abercrombie et al. 2001; Bilek & Engdahl 2007). Within our profiles, we do not recover any direct evidence for the presence of the bathymetric features on the oceanic plate currently present below the accretionary prism. Depth variations of the basement observed on the trench-parallel profile, may serve as evidence for bathymetric features associated to the RooRise. Gravity modelling requires a sharp crustal thickness increase below Java. As the region is not covered with seismic data, we can only speculate on the origin of this crustal structure. The thick crust can be a part of the Gondwana revenue as suggested by Smyth et al. (2007). The approach of the Roo Rise to the trench has strong effects on the local seismicity setting. The geohazard risks should be reconsidered as this segment of the margin has an increased probability for tsunamogenic earthquakes.

Kesimpulan
Kapur Akhir
Penunjaman Lempeng Benua Australian dengan Sundaland Di sebelah timur Jawa terjadi tumbukan mikrokontinen Godwana dan berakhirnya jalur subduksi Kapur Paleogen Eosen Tengah penunjaman di selatan Jawa mulai aktif lagi, dengan ditandai adanya busur vulkanik di Jawa dengan arah Barat Timur Terbentuk cekungan flexural di Tengah Jawa antara lain Cekungan Cimandiri, Cekungan Karangsambung dan Cekungan Kendeng

Neogen

Penunjaman terus berlanjut

Pusat vulkanik bergeser ke arah utara Pengisian cekungan

Batuan Dasar, berdasarkan penentuan umur mineral zirkon Jawa Barat bagian Utara = Kerak kontinen Sundaland Jawa Barat bagian Selatan = Melange dari busur akresi Jawa Timur bagian Utara = Melange dari busur akresi Jawa Timur bagian Selatan = Mikrokontinen Godwana

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