HIGH EFFICIENCY CARDIAC SYSTEM FOR CARDIAC THERAPY

-AMOL PARAB -VIKRAMADITYA DANGI -KSHITIJ PAWAR

HUMAN HEART
1)Muscular organ responsible for pumping blood through blood vessels by repeated , rhythmic contractions. 2) cardiac comes from Greek word KARDIA related to the heart 3)Average human heart 72 BMP ( 2.5 billion times in 66 yrs)

4) It is effectively a meshwork of cardiac muscle cells interconnected by contiguous cytoplasmic bridges

Need for Circulation

1) To deliver food materials and oxygen to the tissues 2) To remove waste products and heat 3) Done by diffusion in small animals, but in large animals its a must

Functioning
1) Right side collects deoxygenated blood in the right atrium and pumps it into the lungs via right ventricle 2) CO2 , O2 by process of diffusion 3) Left side -- collects oxygenated blood in the left atrium and pumps it back into the body via left ventricle 4) Arteries supply the pure blood 5) Veins collect impure blood

NEED FOR CARDIAC THERAPY

To avoid : 1) ARRHYTHMIAS 2)MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

ARRHYTHMIAS
1)An arrhythmia is a problem with the speed or rhythm of the heartbeat. 2) A heartbeat that is too fast is called tachycardia 3) A heartbeat that is too slow is called bradycardia. 4)Common among older adults

5) Causes : heavy alcohol, smoking

6) Symptoms : Shortness of breath Chest pain Arrhythmic palpitations

Myocardial Infarction
1)Myocardial infarction, commonly referred to as a heart attack, occurs when one or more coronary arteries become suddenly blocked, resulting in heart muscle death. 2) Myocardial infarction results from coronary artery disease (CAD), which is an accumulation of plaque inside the coronary blood vessels. 3) When one of these plaques rupture, a clot forms rapidly at the site and causes a sudden obstruction of blood flow in the coronary artery. 4)Symptoms : Shortness of breath and chest pain

TREATMENT
1)Angioplasty is the technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or obstructed blood vessel 2) An empty and collapsed balloon on a guide wire, known as a balloon catheter is passed into the narrowed locations and then inflated to a fixed size using water pressures some 75 to 500 times normal blood pressure (6 to 20 atmospheres). 3) The balloon crushes the fatty deposits, opening up the blood vessel for improved flow, and the balloon is then deflated and withdrawn.

Problems with traditional methods

1) Large size 2) Poor efficiency (less than 20 %) 3) Away from surgical area 4) Use of co-axial cables resulting in power losses of 6 dB 5) Solid-state devices (smaller size) but generated heat These problems can be solved by using microwave devices which generate less heat and only heat the desired tissue without affecting the surroundings .

MICROWAVE ENERGY GENERATOR CONCEPT

1) Microwave energy sources for cardiac surgery must be capable of delivering up to 80 Watts at 2.54 GHz. 2) The primary technology for these sources is vacuum-tube 3) Artisan Laboratories Corporation has developed a new microwave source called Ultralight Microwave Energy Source for generating, amplifying, distributing and controlling high power microwave energy for cardiac surgery. 4) In addition their concept allows for the use of optical fiber for distribution of control signals. Using a fiber optic cable for signal distribution has many benefits over coaxial cables including: low loss, high isolation, small size, improved flexibility.

Continued..
1)The microwave input signal is compared against a reference signal in a pulse width modulator (PWM) generator. 2)The output is a pulse-width modulated signal that drives an optical transmitter and is directed to a microwave photonic amplifier via a fiber optic cable. 3)The optical PWM signal is used to drive the high efficiency microwave photonic amplifier that converts the signal back to microwaves

CONTINUED..
1)The design and fabrication of the system consisted of building three main circuits: PWM Generator, Laser Transmitter and the Microwave Photonic amplifier. 2)The PWM generator uses a high speed comparator to convert the analog or microwave signal to a PWM. 3) The PWM output is used to modulate a laser transmitter and the resulting signal is transmitted over a fiber to the microwave photonic amplifier 4) They achieved 80 % maximum efficiency with 55 % power added efficiency at a level of 100 mW.

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN OF MINIATURIZED ANTENNAS FOR MICROWAVE CARDIAC ABLATION

1) In this methods of designing miniaturized antennas for the application of microwave ablation for the cure of cardiac arrhythmias. 2) Finite Difference Time Domain and Finite Element methods are used to first design and optimize miniaturized antennas. 3) The overall size of the antennas has 2.5mm outer diameter that is suitable for intravenous catheterization delivery.

4) Bioheat transfer equation is solved using finite difference method and its predicted temperature results are compared with the results obtained from the experiments.

CONTINUED..
1)Cardiac ablation refers to the procedure of destroying myocardial tissue that is responsible for causing arrhythmias. 2)This procedure utilises external electromagnetic energy to raise the local temperature of the problematic site that originates the arrhythmia to produce a lesion so that the conduction of undesirable electrical signal is eliminated.

3)Over the past years, the radio-frequency (RF) had become a popular mode of energy delivery system for cardiac ablation.
4)However, one of the disadvantages of RF ablation is that it requires constant contact between the RF electrode and the myocardium tissue.

Continued..
1) In contrast to RF energy, microwave energy causes dielectric heating by stimulating the oscillation of dipoles within the myocardium. 2) Taking the advantage of this property, microwave antenna is capable of depositing energy deep within the myocardium and hence obtaining greater lesion depth than RF ablation.

Continued
1) During the ablation procedure the temperature differences are usually more than 1 O"C, therefore, the temperature dependent nature of the myocardium tissue's dielectric constant is an important factor and must be considered during modelling.

2)Once the near-Electric-field values of the antenna are obtained, the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is calculated.
3)Using the calculated SAR, one is able to predict the temperature profile of the antenna by applying the Bio-Heat Transfer Equation (BHE) and solved by using the FD technique.

Continued..

1)A novel coaxial slot array antenna is extensively analysed and tested using the FDTD technique.
2)Overall, the CSA antenna is capable of generating temperatures of greater than 55 degrees required for irreversible lesion formation in a very short period of time. 3)The lesion sizes, in terms of width and depth, are controlled by varying the microwave energy and ablation duration. In relatively short periods of ablation time, the CSA antenna is capable of producing lesions of sufficient depth for transmural atrial ablation. In some cases, transmural ventricular ablation is also achieved. 4) Thus optimum temperature can be obtained.

MICROWAVE TOMOGRAPHY
1) Microwave tomography is a novel, early development stage imaging modality with a number of potentially attractive biomedical applications. 2) A high contrast between properties of normal and diseased tissue is a great potential of this imaging modality. 3)With microwave tomography tissues are differentiated and, consequentially, can be imaged, based on differences in dielectric properties. 4)It has been proven in a number of studies that dielectric properties of biological tissues are a strong indicator of its functional and pathological conditions.

Continued..

Continued..
1) The system operates at frequencies of 0.9-1.0GHz. 2) The operation frequency can be changed within the optimum spectrum for tomographic imaging. 3)The working chamber consists of a cylinder with diameter of 120cm and height of 135cm, filled with matching solution. 4)In microwave tomographic experiments the object under study is placed into the central part of the working chamber, which is filled with matching solution. 5) The major purpose of the matching solution is to decrease the high reflection of EM fields from the air-body boundary. Various types of matching solutions have been used: deionized water, saline and fatty solutions with dielectric constants varying in between 4080 at room temperature.

DIATHERMY
1) In the natural sciences the term diathermy means "electrically induced heat" and is commonly used for muscle relaxation. 2) It is also a method of heating tissue electromagnetically or ultrasonically for therapeutic purposes in medicine. 3) Surgical diathermy is usually better known as "electrosurgery 4) Electrosurgery and surgical diathermy involve the use of high frequency A.C. electrical current in surgery as either a cutting modality, or else to cauterize small blood vessels to stop bleeding. 5) This technique induces localized tissue burning and damage, the zone of which is controlled by the frequency and power of the device.

Continued..
1) Diathermy involves current frequencies between 400KHz to 10MHz, thus allowing currents of 500mA to safely pass through patient (100mA at a household frequency of 50Hz will cause electrocution. 2)Monopolar diathermy

Electrical plate is placed on patient and acts as indifferent electrode Current passes between instrument and indifferent electrode As surface area of instrument is an order of magnitude less than that of the plate Localized heating is produced at tip of instrument Minimal heating effect produced at indifferent electrode
3) Bipolar diathermy Two electrodes are combined in the instrument (e.g. forceps) Current passes between tips and not through patient

Microwave diathermy
1) Its frequency is 27,120,000 cycles per second and the wavelength is 11 metre 2) High frequency waves are generated by Magnetron

1) Circuit Description: Diathermy machine consist o f two main circuits ;an oscillating circuit, which produces the high frequency current and a patient circuit which is connected to the oscillating circuit and through which the electrical energy is transferred to the patient.
2) Uses: pain bacterial infection boils

Continued..
More uses: 1.Inflammation of shoulder joint 2.Inflammation of Elbow Joint (Tennis Elbow) 3.Degeneration of joints of neck (Cervical Spondylosis) 4.Degeneration of joints like knee and hip (Osteoarthritis) 5.Ligament Sprains in knee joint 6.Low Back Ache 7.Plantar fascitis (Heel Pain) 8. Sinusitis

SIE METHOD OF ANALYSING MICROWAVE FIELDS OF A 3D HEART MODEL

1) There are several important factors when using microwaves devices (wavelengths of 10 cm to 1 mm) which will determine their successful application in medical procedures.

2) The rst factor is the wavelength of the microwave may be of the same order as the size of the tissue to be incinerated and permits us to eliminate only the unhealthy tissue.
3)The second factor is the MC used for ablation is very minute and when using this procedure it greatly diminishes the risks of many complications as compared to traditional surgical operations. 4) The third factor is that when doctors monitor a patient using microwaves devices like ours he can keep informed of the patients vital signs such as blood pressure and pulse

Continued..
1 Our SIE method was used for the numerical analysis of a microwave electric eld on a heart model when a MC was placed inside. 2. We have seen that our SIE method enables one to optimal the size and shape of a MC when used to remove abnormal tissue in the heart. 3. The imaginary parts of the permittivities of the heart media are quite large; this causes the attenuate of the microwave energy in the media. We see that the amplitude of the electric eld decreases while moving away from the MC tip.

Continued
4. We see that the microwave electric field distribution inside of the heart model depends on the shape and location of the microwave catheter. 5. We discovered that the electric eld distribution most suitable for microwave ablation is when a curved microwave catheter is pressed against the top lateral surface of left heart cavity. In this case the electric eld distribution in the transversal cross-section has only one maximum which means that the electric eld is concentrated only on the tissue to be removed. Also the magnitudes of electrical eld distribution in the longitudinal cross section of the heart model are less than in other cases