OWA200004 WCDMA Radio Resource Management ISSUE1.0

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OWA200004 WCDMA Radio Resource Management

ISSUE 1.0
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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
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Chapter 1 Introduction to RRM Chapter 2 Channel Configuration Chapter 3 Power Control Chapter 4 Mobility Management Chapter 5 Load Control Chapter 6 AMR Mode Control
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Page 2
Introduction to RRM
RRM: Radio Resource Management RRM is responsible for supplying optimum coverage, offering
the maximum planned capacity, guaranteeing the required quality of service (QoS) and ensuring efficient use of physical and transport resources.
Power is the ultimate radio resource. The best way to utilize
the radio resource is to control the power consumption strictly. Increasing the transmission power of a certain user can improve his QoS. However, due to the self-interference, the increasing would result in more interference on other users and consequently reduce the receiving QoS.
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RRM Algorithms in the Call Flow (1)

RAB ASSIGNMENT QoS)
Required QoS
CN
QoS mapping Iu RNC
Required Resource
Channel configuration --fundamental channel configuration Load control --access control Channel configuration-code resource management
Admission control
Load control --load balance
Request of code resource
Configuration of access layer
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RRM Algorithms in the Call Flow(2)

Channel setup and call initiated Power control open loop
Power control Change of service rate Load control --load balance Handover
Power control close loop

Channel configuration --DCCC AMRC
Mobility management
Call end Channel configuration-code resource management
Resource release End

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Classification of RRM
Based on the different objects, RRM is classified as:
Connection oriented RRM, which guarantees QoS of connection
and minimizes the radio resource allocated for the connection. Channel configuration, power control, handover
A dedicated entity is created to manage the resource configuration for each connection.
Cell oriented RRM, which maximizes users in cells and thus
increases system capacity while guaranteeing cell stability.
Code resource management, load control

A dedicated entity is created for each cell to manage its resource.
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Procedure of RRM
Fundamental procedure of radio resource management

Measurement control measurement
UE, NodeB, RNC

Measurement report Decision The implementation of resource control
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Chapter 2 Channel Configuration 2.1 Fundamental channel configuration 2.2 Dynamic channel configuration 2.3 Code resource management
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Page 9
Fundamental Channel Configuration

Fundamental channel configuration is to map the RAB QoS features
requested by CN into the corresponding parameters and configuration mode on each AS layer
QoS requested by CN
Traffic Classes Conversational Streaming Interactive Background Rate demand Quality demandBLER
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QoS Mapping
R A B
B R
R B
R es a a d r iB o e r R br L le Cy S u a
Rt L i C e n t y D T C H
c a n e H i C s D D T C C D La n H C T ol h l H C g
M a c c
M a c d T r C T H r C H C& M o Ru d M i n & g x CH C T r C D P D C H
Mbr A le Cy S u a T r C H T r C C o as H h rh l a t n n C s p n e
C& M o Ru d M i n & g x
Pa e h la y L s y i c r
D P C C H
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RB and RLC Parameter Configuration
RB parameters
RB number
RLC parameters
Different RLC transfer modes transparent mode
Unacknowledged mode
Acknowledged mode Different logic channel parameters
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MAC Parameter Configuration

MAC parameters
The mapping/multiplexing relation between logic channel and transport channel Different types and parameters of transport channel Dedicated channel Common channel Different configurations of MAC entity MAC-d/MAC-c Priority configuration of MAC sub layer
TFCS configuration
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PHY Parameter Configuration

PHY parameters
Mapping relation from transport channel to physical channel
Coding scheme
Convolutional Turbo
Non
Interleaving length Rate matching attribute Spreading factor SF Power offset Other physical channel parameters, e.g., diversity mode, etc.
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BE Service
DCCC: Dynamic Channel Configuration Control Object of DCCC: Best Effort (BE) service Features of BE service
rate of service source changes largely

Less demand on time delay More demand on bit error rate RLC uses acknowledged mode, thus all data should be buffered in RLC Buffer.
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Page 16
Dynamic Channel Configuration

Objective of DCCC
DL Transport Channel Traffic Volume
Configuration in L2 Signaling bearer
Meet bandwidth requirement of users to the greatest degree Make best use of resource on air interface Meet the fluctuant requirement for data rate Save downlink channel code (OVSF code) resource
Threshold
RLC
RLC DTCH
MAC-d DCCH
Channel Switching
TFC Select DCH1 DCH2
Achieve bandwidth on demand

Decision of DCCC
Decision of DCCC
Measurement report on traffic volume of RLC Buffer Decide whether to change the bandwidth used by UE dynamically based on the measurement result. Consider whether there is limitation on air interface during the decision of reconfiguration. This is done by measuring the transmitting power of UE in both downlink and uplink.
The uplink & downlink DCCC decisions are the same, but are executed respectively.
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Implementation of DCCC
Implementation of DCCC
RB reconfiguration/ transport channel reconfiguration Cell-FACH-->Cell-DCH Cell-DCH-->Cell-DCH, include reduction/increment of bandwidth Cell-DCH-->Cell-FACH
DCCC also restricts the selection of TF at MAC layer
based on the request of congestion control.
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Effect of DCCC
Bandwidth Allocation on Demand
System capacity
Traditional channel configuration
Rate of service source DCCC
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OVSF
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1) Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) Cch,2,1 = (1,-1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) SF = 1 SF = 2
OVSF code tree
SF = 4
Usage of Code Resource C ( 1 6 , 0 ) C ( 8 , 0 ) C ( 1 6 , 1 ) C ( 4 , 0 ) C ( 1 6 , 2 ) C ( 8 , 1 ) C ( 1 6 , 3 )

C ( 1 6 , 0 ) C ( 8 , 0 ) C ( 1 6 , 1 ) C ( 4 , 0 ) Higher usage C ( 1 6 , 2 ) C ( 8 , 1 ) C ( 1 6 , 3 )
Complexity Requirement of Code

( 1 6 , 0 ) C C ( 8 , 0 ) C ( 1 6 , 1 ) C ( 4 , 0 ) C channel transmission ( 1 6 , 2 ) code multiple C ( 8 , 1 ) C ( 1 6 , 3 )
C ( 1 6 , 0 ) C ( 8 , 0 ) C ( 1 6 , 1 ) C ( 4 , 0 ) single Cchannel transmission ( 1 6 , code 2 ) C ( 8 , 1 ) C ( 1 6 , 3 )

OVSF code allocation
Principles of code allocation
Increase the usage of code Reduce the complexity of code allocation scheme Increase system capacity
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Near-far effect in CDMA
Received power from user A A Received power from user B

P() P()
B
P()
Received power by NodeB
Transmission power of user A P()
Transmission power of user B P()
Despreading
The user A can communicate successfully
The user B is submerged because of strong interference from user A
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Page 27
Classification of Power Control

Power Control
Uplink power control
Open loop power control

Inner loop power control Outer loop power control Downlink power control Open loop power control Inner loop power control Outer loop power control Compared with open loop power control, inner loop and outer loop power control are called closed loop power control
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Open Loop Power Control for DPCH

power
Convergence of inner loop power control
time
Accurately calculate initial
power
transmitting power of inner loop needed to lessen the time of convergence

Reduce the impact on
system load
time
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Open Loop Power Control for PRACH

BCH: CPICH channel power UL interference level
NodeB
The path loss is figured out according to the CPICH transmission power and received power.
RACH
UE
Open-loop power control is used to decide the initial power of PRACH preamble according to the path loss.
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Uplink Close Loop Power Control

Measure BLER of transport channel Traffic data with steady BLER can be acquired
Measure&compare BLER of received data Measure&compare
SIR of received signal
Outer loop
Set BLERtar
Inner loop
Transmit TPC
Set SIRtar 10-100Hz
RNC
NodeB
UE
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Page 31
BLER--SIR
The aim of the outer-loop PC algorithm is to maintain the quality of the
connection at the level defined by the quality requirements of the bearer severce.
According to principles of wireless communication, BLER may change
with the wireless environment under fixed SIR.
BLER
BLER
Different curves correspond with different multipath environment.
SIR
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Downlink Power Control

Measure and compare BLER UE Layer 3 1500Hz Outer loop Set SIRtar Transmit TPC Inner loop UE physical layer Measure and compare SIR NodeB Downlink inner loop and outer loop power control 10-100Hz
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UE Working Modes and states

Idle Mode
The UE has no relation to UTRAN, only to CN. For data transfer, a
signalling connection has to be established

UE camps on a cell
It enables the UE to receive system information from the PLMN UE can receive "paging" message from control channels of the cell. It enables the UE to receive cell broadcast services.
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Cell-DCH
In active state Communicating via its dedicated channels UTRAN knows which cell UE is in.
Cell-FACH
In active state
Few data to be transmitted both in uplink and in downlink. There is
no need to allocate dedicated channel for this UE.

Downlink uses FACH and uplink uses RACH.
UE need to monitor the FACH for its relative information.

UTRAN knows which cell UE is in.

Cell-PCH
No data to be transmitted or received. Monitor PICH, to receive its paging.
lower the power consumption of UE.

UTRAN knows which cell UE is in. UTRAN have to update cell information of UE when UE roams
to another cell
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URA-PCH
No data to be transmitted or received. Monitor PICH. UTRAN only knows which URA (UTRAN Registration Area,
which consists of multiple cells) that UE is in.

UTRAN update UE information only after UE has roamed to
other URA.
A better way to lower the resource occupancy and signaling
transmission
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Classification of Handover
Hard handover
Intra-frequency hard handover Inter-frequency hard handover
Soft handover
Softer handover
Inter-system
handover
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Soft Handover
Data UE received / sent
N o GAP of communication
Source BS UE move
Target BS
time
Features of soft handover
Seamless handover with no disconnection of the radio access bearer.
To enable a sufficient reception level for maintaining communications by combining the received signal at symbol level from multiple cells in case the UE moves to the cell boundary areas.
The macro diversity gain achieved by combining the received signal in the NODEB (softer handover) or in the RNC (SHO) improves the uplink signal quality and thus decrease the required transmission power of the UE.
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Softer Handover
For soft handover, the combination of multiple RL uses
maximum ratio combination (RAKE combination) in downlink and selection combination in uplink.
When the two cells in soft handover belong to the same NodeB,
maximum ratio combination could be used in uplink. In this case the handover is softer handover.
Softer handover has higher priority in handover schemes
because maximum ratio combination has larger gain than selection combination.
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Soft Handover Measurement
Active set
Including all cells currently participating in a SHO connection of a terminal.

Neighbor Set/Monitored Set
This set includes all cells being continuously monitored/measured by the UE and which are not currently included in the active set.
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Soft Handover Measurement
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Page 43
Power Control in Soft Handover (SSDT)
In conventional downlink power control algorithm, all base stations transmit signal to UE
UE chooses the cell with the smallest path loss and the best signal to transmit DPDCH
SSDT: Site Selection Diversity Transmit All cells in active set transmit DPCCH in downlink. The cell transmitting
DPDCH is chosen by UE per 10ms or a longer period of time.

Hard Handover
Data UE received/ sent
GAP of communication
Source BS
Target BS
UE move
Features of hard handover:
time
HHO causes a temporary disconnection for RT radio access bearer and is lossless for NRT bearers. The UE must either be equipped with a second receiver or support compressed mode to execute inter-system/intersystem measurement.
Application of Hard Handover in 3G
Intra-frequency hard handover
When inter-RNC SHO cant be executed or is not allowed.

Inter-frequency hard handover
Needed in certain areas due to network planning Load balance between frequencies
Inter-system handover
2G-3G smooth evolution The finite coverage range of initial phase of 3G
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Introduction of Compressed Mode
Compressed Mode
Intra-frequency neighbors can be measured simultaneously with normal transmission by UE using a RAKE receiver. Inter-frequency or inter-system neighbors measurements require the UE measuring on a different frequency, this has either to be done with multiple receivers in the UE or in the compressed mode. CM is to stop the normal transmission and reception for a certain period of time, enable the UE to measure on the other frequency.
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Compressed Mode
Objective of compressed mode: for UE to realize measurement and synchronization to target cell when inter-frequency handover and inter-system handover is required.
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Classification of Compressed Mode

Downlink compressed mode
To create time for UEs measurement and synchronization. 3 optional schemes -- SF/2, rate matching/puncturing, higher layer scheduling
Uplink compressed mode
To avoid the interference on its own downlink measurement and synchronization when UE is measuring certain target cells. Whether compressed mode is needed is determined by UEs capacity. 2 optional schemes -- SF/2, higher layer scheduling.
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Features of Compressed Mode
Features of compressed mode
All parameters of compressed mode are configured by UTRAN.

The usage of compressed mode would reduce the system performance. Complex algorithm is needed to decide when to enter compressed mode. Complex algorithm is needed to decide what parameters are needed in the compressed mode.
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SRNS Relocation
CN SRNS DRNS RNS CN SRNS
Advantage of SRNS relocation
Reducing data flow on Iur interface Improving the systems adaptability. Reducing the time delay
Problem of SRNS Relocation: a large amount of signaling is
needed to interact.
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Classification of Load Control
Technical classification of load control:
Call Admission Control Load balance between cells Congestion control
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Admission Control (AC)
AC is used to decide whether a new RAB is admitted
or a current RAB can be modified.

Admission control is done in uplink and downlink
separately.
The strategy is that a new bearer is admitted only if
the total load after admittance stays below the threshold defined by RNP.
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Load Balance
Load balance between cells
Load balance between intra-frequency cells
Cell breathing
Load balance between inter-frequency cells Inter-frequency load balance Potential user control
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Cell Breathing
CRNC
The objective of load banlance is to share the load of some "hot" cells in surrounding cells with low load, thus to increase the usage of system capacity.
cell breathing
Potential User Control
Potential user control
To avoid the load imbalance effectively when UE enters DCH state by making UE in idle mode or non-DCH connected mode camp in cells with low load in advance To achieve the objective by changing the cell selection and re-selection parameters dynamically Potential user control is done by using system message
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Congestion Control
The measures to make full use of system resource admission
control, load balance between cells, packet scheduling are not enough to guarantee the absolute stabilization, hence congestion control technology must be introduced.
Objective of congestion control
To ensure the system load is below the absolutely steady threshold.

Methods of congestion control
Temporarily reducing the QoS of traffic with low priority Temporarily reducing the QoS of CS traffic in some extreme conditions
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AMR Coding
WCDMA system uses Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) speech
code, which is linear prediction coding.

Rate Sub-flow 1 Sub-flow 2 Sub-flow 3 Combination rate no. block size block size block size block size kbps bit bit bit bit 0 0 0 0 0 No data 1 39 0 0 39 SID 2 42 53 0 95 4.75 3 49 54 0 103 5.15 4 55 63 0 118 5.9 5 58 76 0 134 6.7 6 61 87 0 148 7.4 7 75 84 0 159 7.95 8 65 99 40 204 10.2 9 81 103 60 244 12.2
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MOS--CIR
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AMR Speech
Features of AMR speech:
At a certain load level (which corresponds with SIR of UE), the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) the users experience does not increase linearly with the speech rate which UE uses. That is, at a certain load level, the most appropriate AMR speech rate used to acquire the highest MOS does not refer to the highest rate, but an appropriate middle rate. The limitation of UEs maximum transmitting power restricts the coverage of uplink AMR speech. To increase the uplink coverage of AMR speech, uplink rate should be reduced without worsening the UEs speech quality.
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AMR Mode Control
Hence, AMR mode control is to weigh the load level, and:
Reduce AMR speech rate on heavy load condition, thus reduce the system load and improve speech quality relatively. Increase AMR speech rate on light load condition, thus improve QoS.
The AMR speech mode control can be done every 20ms! Reducing of AMR speech rate can widen the uplink
coverage effectively.
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Thank You
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OWA200004 WCDMA Radio Resource Management

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RRM Algorithms in the Call Flow (1)

Load control --load balance

Request of code resource

Configuration of access layer

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RRM Algorithms in the Call Flow(2)

Power control close loop

Call end Channel configuration-code resource management

Resource release End

increases system capacity while guaranteeing cell stability.

Code resource management, load control

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Fundamental procedure of radio resource management

UE, NodeB, RNC

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Fundamental Channel Configuration

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RB and RLC Parameter Configuration

Different RLC transfer modes transparent mode

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MAC Parameter Configuration

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PHY Parameter Configuration

Mapping relation from transport channel to physical channel

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rate of service source changes largely

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Dynamic Channel Configuration

DL Transport Channel Traffic Volume

Configuration in L2 Signaling bearer

TFC Select DCH1 DCH2

Achieve bandwidth on demand

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based on the request of congestion control.

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Traditional channel configuration

Rate of service source DCCC

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