The following are figures from Engineering Noise

Control by Bies and Hansen , 3rd edition. You can

enlarge parts of them by using the cropping tool and then
stretching with the mouse. The figures are not numbered
but they are in the same order that they are in the text
book.
Good luck!
(a)
(b)
+ +
wavelength
acoustic
pressure
p
atm
p
max
10
20
20
50 100 200 500 1000 2000 5000 10000 20000
audible frequency (Hz)
wavelength (m)
5 2 1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02
y t X t ( ) = sine
x
t
X
t
(
)

=


c
o
s
e
X
X
0
0
-X
-
X
t
t
2t
2
t
3t 4t
3
t
4
t
et
e
t
x
t
(
)
y t ( )
X
x
y
e
Im
Re
et
0
|
12
et
|
p
2
p
12
p
1
Im
Re
20000
10000
5000
2000
1000
500
200
100
50
20
10
5
2
1
0.5
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.005
0.002
0.001
0.0005
0.0002
0.0001
0.00005
0.00002
0.00001
0.000005
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180 large military weapons
firearms
boom boxes inside cars
upper limit for unprotected
ear for impulses
pneumatic chipper at 1.5 m
textile loom
newspaper press
diesel truck, 70 km/hr at 15 m
passenger car, 80km/hr at 15 m
conversation at 1 m
quiet room
median hearing threshold
(1000 Hz)
threshold for those with very
good hearing
audiometric test room
whispered speech
teenage rock and roll band
power lawnmower at operator's ear
milling machine at 1.2 m
garbage disposal at 1 m
vacuum cleaner
air conditioning window unit at 1 m
A-weighted sound pressure
level in dB re 20 Pa
Sound pressure
in Pa
walkman (personal stereo)
snowy, rural area - no wind
no insects

(a)
(c)
(e)
(b)
(d)
(f)
p
p
p
t
t
t
p
p
p
t
t
t
f
f
f
1
f
1
f
2
f
3
Frequency bands
(a)
(c)
(e)
(b)
(d)
(f)
p
2
p
2
p
2
x
t
Oval Window
Resonance
Helicotrema
Stapes
Round
Window
outer hair cells
scala media
(endolymph)
Hensen's
stripe
tectorial
membrane
inner
hair cell
basilar
membrane
tunnel
of Corti
cochlear
nerve
scala tympani
(perilymph)
Reissner's
membrane
stria vascularis
rods of
Corti
spiral
sulcus
reticular
lamina
hair cell
stereocilia
scala vestibuli
(perilymph)
scala tympani
(perilymph)
cochlear duct
(endolymph)
scala vestibuli
(perilymph)
(a)
(b)
700 1000 1400 2000 2800
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
A
Basal End
Apical End
Frequency (Hz)
T
e
m
p
o
r
a
r
y

T
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d

S
h
i
f
t

(
d
B
)
B
1
2
3
a
b (stimulus)
c (half octave above)
Cochlear Duct
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c

F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
H
z
)
Basal End Apical End
A B
200 300 500 1000 2000 5000 10000
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Frequency (Hz)
Af
f
0.25
0.25
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.63
0.63
0.8
0.8
1
1
1.25
1.25
1.6
1.6
2
2
2.5
2.5
3.15
3.15
0
0
20
20
40
40
60
60
80dB
80dB
T
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d

s
h
i
f
t

(
d
B
)
T
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d

s
h
i
f
t

(
d
B
)
40 dB
40 dB
60 dB
60 dB
4
4

Frequency of masked tone (kHz)
Frequency of masked tone (kHz)
0.2 0.25 0.315 0.4 0.5 0.63 0.8 1 1.25 1.6 2 2.5 3.15
0
20
40
60
4
Frequency of masked tone (kHz)
T
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d

s
h
i
f
t

(
d
B
)
410 Hz narrow band of noise,
80 dB masking level
400 Hz tone,
80 dB masking level
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
MAF
MAF
0
0
20
20
40
40
60
60
80
80
100
100
120
120
31.5
31.5
63
63
125
125
250
250
500
500
1k
1k
2k
2k
4k
4k
8k
8k
Octave band centre frequency (Hz)
Tonal frequency (Hz)
S
o
u
n
d

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

l
e
v
e
l

(
d
B

r
e

2
0

P
a
)

S
o
u
n
d

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

l
e
v
e
l

(
d
B

r
e

2
0

P
a
)

140
140
(a)
(b)
Band pressure level
dB re 20 Pa 110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
0.1
1
10
100
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
31.5 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
One-third octave band centre frequency (Hz)
L
o
u
d
n
e
s
s

L
e
v
e
l
,


(
P
h
o
n
s
)
P
L
o
u
d
n
e
s
s

i
n
d
e
x
,


(
s
o
n
e
s
)
S
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
31.5 63 125 500 1k 2k 4k 8k 16k 250
B
a
n
d

s
o
u
n
d

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

l
e
v
e
l

(
d
B
)

r
e

2
0

P
a

150
100
80
60
50
40
30
25
20
15
12
10
8
6
5
4
3
2.5
2
1.5
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
One-third octave band centre frequency (Hz)
Loudness index
(sones) S
(a)
(b)
10000
1000
100
A
(linear)
B
(low SPL)
31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
Frequency (Hz)
S
u
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e

p
i
t
c
h

(
m
e
l
s
)
increasing
SPL
increasing
SPL
(a) (b)
grid
vent
diaphragm
conductor insulator
electrode
E
E
0
C
C
S
R
p
R
(a) (b)
grid
vent
diaphragm
conductor insulator
piezo-electric
material
E
E
C
C
s
R
s
0
R
DFR
0
30
60
90
120
180
o
o
o
o
o
o
0.16 0.25 0.4 0.63 1.0 1.6
-10
0
10
S
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y

(
d
B
)
d/
-30
-40
-50
0.01 0.1 1.0 10 100
frequency (kHz)
S
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y

(
d
B

r
e

1
V


P
a
)
A
B
C
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
-45
-50
31.5 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k 16k
One-third octave band center frequency (Hz)
L
e
v
e
l

w
e
i
g
h
t
i
n
g

(
d
B
)
A
B
C
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
50.0mm
28.9mm
40.8mm
120
6.1mm
1
2
3
4
1,2
3
4
4
1
2
3
Average 4
1
2
3
4
Average 4
6860
6860
6860
Pressure
Velocity 1
Velocity 2
Velocity 3
rms
rms meter
rms
1
2
3
4
2nd order
Butterworth
HP filter 2
2nd order
Butterworth
HP filter 1
2nd order
Butterworth
HP filter 3
2nd order
Butterworth
HP filter 4
4
4
3
3
Mic 4
Mic 3
Mic 2
Mic 1
1
1
2
2
1
s
1
s
1
s
Diff
Diff
Diff
Integrator
Integrator
Integrator
Gain
Gain
Gain
5
Av
10 dB
t
1
t
2
Time (sec)
S
o
u
n
d

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

l
e
v
e
l

(
d
B
)
Maximum sound level
L
AE
- Shaded area
under curve
31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 16000
Octave band centre frequency
H
e
a
r
i
n
g

t
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d

(
d
B
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
Age
(years)
M
M
M
W
W
W
40
20
80
60
Speech range
31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 16000
0
20
40
60
80
H
e
a
r
i
n
g

t
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d

(
d
B
)
Octave band centre frequency
Speech range
Years of
exposure
35-39
25-29
15-19
5-9
1-2
Inadequate for speech recognition
Inadequate for speech recognition
Adequate for speech recognition
Adequate for speech recognition
Exposure
(years)
10
20
30
40
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Percentage risk of developing a hearing handicap
M
e
d
i
a
n

l
o
s
s

(
d
B
)
(a)
80 dB(A)
90 dB(A)
100 dB(A)
110 dB(A)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Percentage risk of developing a hearing handicap
M
e
d
i
a
n

l
o
s
s

(
d
B
)
(b)
HDI
50
55
60
65
70
HDI dt
L
t
=

(
(
}
10 10
10
20
0
log
/
F
B
A
C
B
E
D
A
20 dB
(a)
(b)
impact and steady state (equal energy)
5 dB / doubling
steady state
impulse
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
100
90
0.1 1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
8-hour dB(A)
equivalent
B-duration x number of impulses (ms)
P
e
a
k

s
o
u
n
d

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

l
e
v
e
l

(
d
B

r
e

2
0

P
a
)

A-Weighted level (dB(A))

40 50 60 70 80 90 100
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0.25
0.5
1
2
4
8
16
Speech interference level (dB 20 Pa) re
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

i
n

m
e
t
r
e
s
N
o
r
m
a
l
V
e
r
y

l
o
u
d
S
h
o
u
t
A
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
d

v
o
i
c
e

l
i
m
i
t
R
a
i
s
e
d
E
x
p
e
c
t
e
d

V
o
i
c
e

L
e
v
e
l
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
65
55
45
35
15
MAF
63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
Octave band center frequency (Hz)
O
c
t
a
v
e

b
a
n
d

s
o
u
n
d

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

l
e
v
e
l

(
d
B

r
e

2
0

P
a
)

(NC)
25
45
35
25
30
40
50
(RC)
16 31.5 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
O
c
t
a
v
e

b
a
n
d

s
o
u
n
d

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

l
e
v
e
l

(
d
B

r
e

2
0

P
a
)

Octave band center frequency (Hz)

A
B
45
35
25
30
40
50
(RC)
16 31.5 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
O
c
t
a
v
e

b
a
n
d

s
o
u
n
d

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

l
e
v
e
l

(
d
B

r
e

2
0

P
a
)

Octave band center frequency (Hz)

A
B
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
90
80
100
65
55
45
35
15
10
0
63 16 125 31.5 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
Octave band center frequency (Hz)
O
c
t
a
v
e

b
a
n
d

s
o
u
n
d

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

l
e
v
e
l

(
d
B

r
e

2
0

m
P
a
)
(NCB)
25
A
B
(RNC)
16 31.5 63 125 250 500 1k 2k 4k 8k
10
0
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
O
c
t
a
v
e

b
a
n
d

s
o
u
n
d

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

l
e
v
e
l

(
d
B

r
e

2
0

P
a
)

Octave band center frequency (Hz)

50
45
35
20
25
10
30
15
40
longitudinal
wave front
source
h
-h
u
x
H
O
source 1
source 2
r
r
1
r
2
y
u
+
h
L
-L
-h
u
o

x
O
r
r
1
y
z
+
+
o
o
o
D
b
d
r
0
x
u
O
r
n
u
z
r
a
y
x

O
o
o o d d
r
0
0.5
1.0
1.0 2.0 3.0 5.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
F
w
U
a
(
)
/
t
2
w
dS
dS
rd|
dr

|
ody
o
do
h
a
r
H
d
r
y
x
z
L
r
i
h
O
0
P
la
n
e

s
o
u
r
c
e
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

p
o
i
n
t

s
o
u
r
c
e
o=1.0
o=0.1
o=0.5
o=0.2
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
0.1 1.0 10
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

a
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
d
B
)
r / HL
u
u
source S
observer O
S
I
a
b
u u

Z k
1 1
Z k
2 2
y
x
r
R
r
I
r
T
incident wave
reflected wave
transmitted
wave
medium 1
medium 2
h
s
h
r
r
r
1
r
2
u
L
air
ground
source
receiver
image
source
10
100
1000
30 40 50 60 70 80 90
K
1
Attenuation (dB)
6
3
,
1
2
5
,
2
5
0
5
0
0
1
k
2
k
4
k
8k
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

f
r
o
m

s
o
u
r
c
e

(
m
)
(a)
1.0
2.0
5.0
10
0 10 20 30
K
1
Attenuation (dB)
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

f
r
o
m

s
o
u
r
c
e

(
m
)
(b)
250, 500
1k, 2k
125, 4k
8k
0 200 400 600 800 1000
0
5
10
15
K
2



-

a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l

a
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n
Distance from source (m)
r
1
r
2
-5
0
5
10
15
100 1000 2000
Distance from source (m)
A
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
d
B
)
500
250
500
125
1000
4000
2000
63
1 10 100 1000 10,000
10
20
0
Reflection parameter, [ / ] (degrees) R f
1
1/2
R
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n

l
o
s
s


(
d
B
)
A
R
less than 0.001
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.1
0.2
f R / =1
1
Sound
source
Sound
source
u
|
-
C

C
r
1
Shadow
zone
x
Receiver
Receiver
on shadow
border
Receiver
well into
shadow
Sound
ray
r
1
r
x
h
r
h
s
ground
E
x
c
e
s
s

a
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
d
B
)
Distance from sound source ( / ) r x
0
10
20
30
0.5 1 2 4 8
- 65 =75 =80
=90
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
0
10
20
30
( ) degrees
C
-
L
i
m
i
t
i
n
g

v
a
l
u
e

o
f

e
x
c
e
s
s

a
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
d
B
)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
100 500
CAT 1
CAT 2
CAT 3
CAT 5
CAT 6
1000 2000
Distance from source (m)
A
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
d
B
)
(a)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
100 500
CAT 1
CAT 2
CAT 3
CAT 5
CAT 6
1000 2000
Distance from source (m)
A
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
d
B
)
(c)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
100 500
CAT 1
CAT 2
CAT 3
CAT 5
CAT 6
1000 2000
Distance from source (m)
A
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
d
B
)
(d)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
100 500
CAT 1
CAT 2
CAT 3
CAT 5
CAT 6
1000 2000
Distance from source (m)
A
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
d
B
)
(e)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
100 500
CAT 1
CAT 2
CAT 3
CAT 5
CAT 6
1000 2000
A
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
d
B
)
(f)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
100 500
CAT 1
CAT 2
CAT 3
CAT 5
CAT 6
1000 2000
Distance from source (m)
A
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
d
B
)
(g)
: ` = / ^
W

=

2
/

r

^
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1 2 3
3
5
5
10
10
20
20
30
30
0.3
0.5
1
2
Far field
Geometric
near field
Hydrodynamic
near field
T
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
T
r
a
n
s
i
t
i
o
n
Transition
W
:
=
1
/ W
:
=
1
/
z=0
0.36
0.36
0.93
0.93
0.58
0.58
1
4
8
9 10
5 2
3 6
12
11
x
y
7
0.5
1
2
2.5
3
4
4
8
7
6
0.01 0.1 1
0
2
4
6
8
10
C
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r
,


,

(
d
B
)
A
1
Area ratio,
1
/
2
S S
L
p
L
p 1
-
2
(dB)
1.5
10
0
-10
-20
-30
1
0

L
o
g

o
0.01 0.1 1.0 10
Frequency ratio, / f f
c
Ph/A
0.1
0.05
0.012
0.006
0.003
tiny source of
sound at x = y = z = 0
x
z
y
L
x
L
z
L
y
80 100 125 160 200 250 315
60
70
80
90
Frequency (Hz)
20 25 31.5 40 50 63 80
50
60
70
80
90
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
2
0
1
1
1
1
2
0
2
0
0
2
1
0
1
2
1
2
0
1
0
0
2
0
3
0
L
p
(
d
B
r
e
2
0


P
a
)

(a)
(b)
3 dB
Frequency (Hz)
R
o
o
m
-
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
,


(
d
B
)
L
p
measurement band
bandwidth
spherical
region
2
r
I
z

y
x

dS (circular
section area)
loudspeaker
reverberant enclosure
microphone
noise
generator
bandpass
filter
power
amplifier
graphic
level
recorder
bandpass
filter
sound level
meter
R c
1
^/ = 3
4
5
10
20
50
100
200
500
1000
10000
100000
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
f /c ^
o
st
1.0
0.8
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.01 0.02 0.04 0.063 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.63 1.0
f /c ^
10% open area
>25% open area
panel absorber
0% open area
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
0.15 0.2 0.5 1.0 2 4 6 8 10
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
o
f f /
0
4
0
0
3
5
0
3
0
0
2
5
0
2
0
0
1
7
5
1
5
0
1
2
5
1
0
0
8
5
7
0
6
0
5
0
4
0
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
0.3
0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
5.0
10.0
25 30 50 100 200 500 1000 1500
Cavity depth, (mm) L
S
u
r
f
a
c
e

d
e
n
s
i
t
y
,


(
k
g

m
-
2
)
m
f
0

(
H
z
)
0.1 1 10 100
10
0
-10
-20
-30
r a /
|=0.9
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.1
1
0
l
o
g
(
)
-

1
0
l
o
g
(
/
)
1
0
2
1
0
2

-

p
r
W
c
a

t
0.1 1 10 100
10
0
-10
-20
-30
r/a
|=0.9
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.1
1
0
l
o
g
(
)
-

1
0
l
o
g
(
/
)
1
0
2
1
0
2

-

p
r
W
c
a

t
-10
0
10
20
1
0
l
o
g
(
)

-

1
0
l
o
g
(
/
2
)


(
d
B
)
1
0
1
0

-
p
h
p
a
2
2
0 0.5 1
h/a
|
1
= 0.9
|
2
= 0.1
r = 0
r a >>
r a =
0.1 1 10 100
10
0
-10
-20
-30
r/a
(a)
(b)
1
0
l
o
g
(
)
-

1
0
l
o
g
(
/
)
1
0
2
1
0
2

-

p
r
W
c
a

t
0.1 1 10 100
10
0
-10
-20
-30
r/a
| = 0.9
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.1
1
0
l
o
g
(
)
-

1
0
l
o
g
(
/
)
1
0
2
1
0
2

-

p
r
W
c
a

t
0.1 1 10 100
10
0
-10
-20
-30
r/a
|=0.9
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.1
1
0
l
o
g
(
)
-

1
0
l
o
g
(
/
)
1
0
2
1
0

-

p
r
W
'
c
a

0.1 1 10 100
10
0
-10
-20
-30
r/a
| = 0.9
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.1
1
0
l
o
g
(
)
-

1
0
l
o
g
(
/
)
1
0
2
1
0
2

-

p
r
W
c
a

t
0.1 1 10 100
10
0
-10
-20
-30
r/a
| = 0.9
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.1
1
0
l
o
g
(
)
-

1
0
l
o
g
(
/
)
1
0
2
1
0

-

p
r
W
'
c
a

h
2
h
1
material 1
material 2
neutral
axis
y
(a)
(b)
neutral
axis
z
1
h
b
3
b
4
b
2
z
2
z
3
z
4
b
1

2

4
^
5
10
15
20
25
125 250 500 1k 2k 4k
1/3 octave band centre frequency
T
L

(
d
B
)
STC 16
45 65
40 70
50 60
55 55
60 50
65 45
125 250 500 1k 2k 4k
1/3 octave band centre frequency
L
n

(
d
B
)
IIC 50
I
m
p
a
c
t

I
n
s
u
l
a
t
i
o
n

C
l
a
s
s

(
I
I
C
)
Frequency (Hz)
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

l
o
s
s

(
d
B
)
stiffness
controlled
mass law
frequency of first
panel resonance
coincidence
region
damping
controlled
6
d
e
o
c
t
v


a
e
B
r
p

9
t
a
v

d
B

p
e
r

o
c
e
coincidence
region
stiffness
controlled
first panel
resonance
damping
controlled
mass
law
9

d
B
t


o
c
a
v
e
p
e
r
Frequency (Hz)
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

l
o
s
s

(
d
B
)
(b) orthotropic
(a) Isotropic
0
u
Y
X
Z
P

6

d
B

p
e
r

o
c
t
a
v
e
9

d
B

p
e
r

o
c
t
a
v
e
A
B
T
L

(
d
B
)
0.5 1.0
f f
c
/ (log scale)
0.5f
c c
0.5f 2f
c c
2 2
1
1
f
A
B
C
D
6

d
B

p
e
r

o
c
t
a
v
e
6

d
B

p
e
r

o
c
t
a
v
e
(log scale) f
T
L

(
d
B
)
(a)
(b)
Frequency (Hz) (log scale)
T
L

(
d
B
)
6
d
B
/
o
c
t
.
1
2

d
B
/
o
c
t
.
1
8

d
B
/
o
c
t
.
6

d
B
/
o
c
t.
1
5

d
B
/
o
c
t
.
A
D
B
C
f
0
f
^
0.5 f
c2
f
c 2
One-third octave band centre frequencies (Hz)
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

l
o
s
s

(
d
B
)
63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
A
B
C
6

d
B
/
o
c
t
.
1
8

d
B
/
o
c
t
.
6

d
B
/
o
c
t
.
1
5

d
B
/
o
c
t
.
measured
calculated (Sharp)
calculated (Davy)
8
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
10 10 10 10 10
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
1 10 100
5 5 5 5 5 2 2 2 2 2
Area ratio, / S S
1 2
o
T
L

(
d
B
)
ATL =
TL > TL
TL = TL - TL
TL=TL + TL
2 1
2 1
1
A
o
g
a
p
=
5
0
m
m
2
0

m
m
1
0

m
m
5

m
m
100 200 300 500 1000 2000 3000 5000
Frequency (Hz)
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5
1.0
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,

t
10
7
5
3
1
T
L

(
d
B
)
TL = 30
20
10
5
1
2
3
4
6
8
10
20
30
0.4 0.5 0.63 0.8 1.0
Ratio of covered to total area
S
o
u
n
d

p
o
w
e
r

r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

(
d
B
)
W

source at
( ) X Y Z
S S S
, ,
receiver at
( ) X Y Z
R R R
, ,
Z
R
Y
X
S
X
R
B
barrier of
height h
Y
S
Y
R
d
h
b
A
X
0
5
10
15
20
25
-0.3 0
-0.01 -0.1
-0.05
0.01 0.1
0.05 0.2 0.6 1.0
0.4 0.8
2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 100
A
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n
,


(
d
B
)
A
b
Fresnel number, N
practical
upper limit
incoherent
line source
point or coherent
line source
O
S S
S S
R
R R
A
B
(a) (b)
O
O
O
R
S
S
g
r
o
u
n
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
b
a
rr
ie
r
90
90
120
120
150
150
180
180
(degrees)

(
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
)
3
4
K = 5
7
8
9.4
9.8
2
6
9
receiver
source

A
C
B
d
d
A
B
N<0
N>0
Source
Source
Receiver
Receiver
effective
source position
wind
curved sound
ray trace
top of barrier
H
b
S
'
S
>

R
A
>
h'
S
source
^
^
source at
( ) X Y Z
S S S
, ,
receiver at
( ) X Y Z
R R R
, ,
Z = h
R r
Y
X
S
X
X
R
B
double edge
barrier of
height h
Y
S
Y
R
d
h
b
A
e
b
b
a
Octave band centre frequency (Hz)
63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
0
10
20
30
40
50
O
c
t
a
v
e

b
a
n
d

i
n
s
e
r
t
i
o
n

l
o
s
s
7
throat equally spaced
total area
throat area
holes of
equal to
^
w
area A
Z p v
a
= /
^
0
0
x
x = - ^
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 20 30 50 70 100
n
K
area A
Z p v
a
= /
x
x = - ^
0
area , length A ^
volume V
sound
Z
u
Z
s
Z
d
P v ,
v
1
v
2
(a)
(b)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8
9 10 11 12
13
14 1516 17 18 19
20
21
22
23
24 25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33 34
35
36
37
38
39 40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53 54
55
56
57
58
resonator splitter
airway
throat length
135 degrees
throat
width
Helmholtz
resonator
(a)
(b)
(c)
flow
v, p
v
1
v
2
Z
a
Z
b
Z +Z
c L
x y
a c
b
B
sound
source
(load, ) L
(a)
(b)
30 40 50 70 100 200 300 500
-20
-10
0
10
20
U = 70 ms
-1
U = 30 ms
-1
U = 0
Frequency (Hz)
I
n
s
e
r
t
i
o
n

l
o
s
s
,


(
d
B
)
I
L
11 cm
50 cm 20 cm 35 cm
microphone loudspeaker
v
Z
a
Z
L
v, p
Z
d
Z
b
Z
c
v
b
v
d
v
L
source ( ) load, L c a e
b d
(a)
(b)
U
D
r
H
W
U U U
U d
2
d
1
D
r
U
U
d
1
d
2
U d
1
d
2 U
L
U
(degrees)
(a) (d)
(b) (e)
(c) (f)
(g)
(h)
U
H
unsteady shear forces at reattachment
(longitudinal quadruple source)
unsteady point of reattachment
(drag dipole source)
A
B
C
D
E
d uc t
i nn er
w a l l
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0.01 0.1 1 10
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
.01 0.1 1 10
A
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

r
a
t
e

(
d
B

p
e
r


d
u
c
t

l
e
n
g
t
h
)
h
2h
^ ^
curve
no
^
h
1
2
3
4
5
0.25
0.5
1
2
4
R
c
1
^

R
c
1
^

R
c
1
^

R
c
1
^

R
c
1
^

R
c
1
^

= 1
= 2
= 8
= 12 = 16
= 4
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3
4 5
2 3 4
5
1
1
2 3 4 5
2h/
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
0.01 0.1 1 10
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
.01 0.1 1 10
A
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

r
a
t
e

(
d
B

p
e
r


d
u
c
t

l
e
n
g
t
h
)
h
2h
^ ^
curve
no
^
h
1
2
3
4
5
0.25
0.5
1
2
4
R
c
1
^

= 1
R
c
1
^

= 2
R
c
1
^

= 8
R
c
1
^

= 12
R
c
1
^

= 16
R
c
1
^

= 4
1 1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1
2 3 4
5
1
2 3 4
5
2h/
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.5
3.5
4.0
4.0
0.01 0.1 1 10
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
.01 0.1 1 10
A
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

r
a
t
e

(
d
B

p
e
r


d
u
c
t

l
e
n
g
t
h
)
h
2h
^ ^
curve
no
^
h
1
2
3
4
5
0.25
0.5
1
2
4
R
c
1
^

= 1
R
c
1
^

= 2
R
c
1
^

= 8
R
c
1
^

= 12
R
c
1
^

= 16
R
c
1
^

= 4
1
2
1 2 3
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1
2 3 4
5
1
2 3 4 5
2h/
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0.01 0.1 1 10
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
.01 0.1 1 10
2h/
A
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

r
a
t
e

(
d
B

p
e
r


d
u
c
t

l
e
n
g
t
h
)
h
2h
^ ^
curve
no
^
h
1
2
3
4
5
0.25
0.5
1
2
4
R
c
1
^

= 8
R
c
1
^

= 12
R
c
1
^

= 16
R
c
1
^

= 4
R
c
1
^

= 1
R
c
1
^

= 2
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1
2 3 4 5
1
2 3 4
5
0.01 0.1 1 10
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
.01 0.1 1 10
0.01 0.1 1 10
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
R
c
1
^

= 1
R
c
1
^

= 12
R
c
1
^

= 4
curve
no
1
2
3
4
0.01
0.1
1
2
o
h
^
h
^
h
^
h
= 1.0
= 2.0
= 0.25
M = 0
M = 0
M = 0
1 2
4
3
1 2
4 3
1 2
4 3
2h
^ ^
2
2
h
h
/
/

A
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

r
a
t
e

(
d
B

p
e
r


d
u
c
t

l
e
n
g
t
h
)
h
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.01 0.1 1 10
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
.01 0.1 1
10
A
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

r
a
t
e

(
d
B

p
e
r


d
u
c
t

l
e
n
g
t
h
)
h
2h
^ ^
R
c
1
^

= 1
R
c
1
^

= 1
R
c
1
^

= 4
R
c
1
^

= 12
R
c
1
^

= 12
R
c
1
^

= 4
2h/
curve
no
1
2
3
4
0.01
0.1
1
2
o
h
1
2
4
3
4
1
2
3
1
2
4
3
1
2
4
3
1
2
4
3
1 2
4
3
^
h
^
h
^
h
^
h
^
h
^
h
= 1.0
= 0.25
= 0.25
= 1.0
= 2.0 = 2.0
M = 0.1
M = 0.1
M = -0.1
M = -0.1
M = 0.1 M = -0.1
0.1 0.2 0.4 1.0 2 4
0
5
10
15
I
n
l
e
t

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n

(
d
B
)
Dimensionless frequency, A/
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Total attentuation of lining (dB)
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n

l
o
s
s

o
r

o
v
e
r
a
l
l

a
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n


(
d
B
)
6
4
3
2
m = 9
Expansion ratio = 9 m
6
4
3
2
1
0.1 0.2 0.4 1.0 2 4
0
5
10
15
20
D
u
c
t

b
e
n
d

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n

(
d
B
)
S Dimensionless frequency,
A
B
C
D
E
F
out
in
H
^
L
area A

area A
(a)
(b)
no water
with water
31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 16,000
60
70
80
90
100
110
Octave band centre frequency (Hz)
O
c
t
a
v
e

b
a
n
d

S
P
L

(
d
B

r
e

2
0
P
a
)

31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Octave band centre frequency (Hz)
O
c
t
a
v
e

b
a
n
d

s
o
u
n
d

a
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
d
B
)
780
500
300
150
30
12
Water, litres per second =
-10
-20
0
10
D
i
r
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y

I
n
d
e
x

(
d
B
)
0.2 1 10 20 2
fd/c
u=0
o
30
o
45
o
60
o
90
o
>
120
o
m
C
F t F t ( ) = sin
0
e
k
m
C
U t U t ( ) = sin
0
e
k
= 1.0
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1 1 10
0
0.1
1
10
Frequency ratio, f f /
0
F
o
r
c
e

t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
,

T
Disturbing frequency (cycles per minute)
S
t
a
t
i
c

d
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
)
N
a
t
u
r
a
l

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
c
y
c
l
e
s

p
e
r

m
i
n
u
t
e
)
Percent force
transmissibility
60
70
80
90
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
2,000
100 200 300400
500
600
700
800
900
1000 2000 3000
100
10
1
0.2
A
m
p
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
o

b
e

a
v
o
i
d
e
d
N
o
n
-
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l

a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
E
x
t
r
e
m
e
l
y

c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
R
e
s
o
n
a
n
c
e
1
0
0
%
3
0
%
2
0
%
1
0
%
5
%
3
%
2
%
1
%
S
h
o
c
k
-
a
b
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
x
y
y
z
2h
2b
2e
c . g .
x x
mass m
a
b
b
(a)
(b)
M
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
0
.
2
0
.
3
O = 1.0 O = 1.0
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
3
.
5
3
.
0 2
.
8 2
.
6
2
.
4 2
.
2
2
.
0
1
.
8
1
.
6 1
.
4
1
.
2 1
.
1
1
.
0
5
W
(a) (b)
O =0.4
0.45
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
O

=

4
.
0
C
2
C
1
mass m
2
k
2
mass m
1
k
1
y
2
y
1
F e
j et
R
e
s
u
l
t
a
n
t

n
a
t
u
r
a
l

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
N
a
t
u
r
a
l

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

a
s









o
k
f
o
Stiffness of isolator
Stiffness of frame
k
i
k
f
,
0 0.5 1.0
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
D
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n

(
m
m
)
N
a
t
u
r
a
l

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
H
z
)
air
springs
metal
springs
rubber and
elastomers
cork and felt
pads
100
31
10
3
1
0.025
0.25
2.5
25
250
Unstable
Stable
(Hinged ends)
(clamped ends)
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e

c
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
,

^
0 0
/D
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
N
a
t
u
r
a
l

f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y

(
H
z
)
10 20 40 100 200 400 1,000
20
30
40
Static load (kPa)
Hard
Medium
Soft
C
2
C
1
mass
m
2
k
2
mass m
1
k
1
y
2
y
1
F e
j et
visco-elastic material
metal layer
base structure
0
-3
-7
frequency (Hz)
f
0
2
0

l
o
g
v
v
m
a
x
Af
2Af
discharge
intake
(a) Centrifugal fan,
blow-through type
discharge
intake
(b) axial flow
discharge
intake
(c) Induced draft
propeller-type
discharge
intake
(d) Forced draft, propellor-type
underflow
L
L
p
p


(
d
B

r
e

o
v
e
r
a
l
l

)
f f /
p
1
----
32
1
----
16
1
----
8
1
----
4
1
----
2
1 2 4 8 16 32 64
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
acoustically
absorptive lining
aspirated
air
turbulent
mixing region
core orifice
(a) Absorptive lined shroud
silencer
orifice
(b) Multiple-jet diffuser-type
silencer
turbulent
mixing
region
diffused air
orifice
porous material
(c) Diffuser-type silencer
orifice
mixing
region
core
entrained air
air shroud
gas flow
(d) Cross-section of air shroud
silencer
s
t
a
t
i
c

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
distance through valve
M
j d
i
d
j
valve orifice
P
1
= inlet pressure
P P F P
2 1
> - (0.472 )
L 1
P P =P F P
2 1 1
= - (0.472 )
2C L
P P = P
2 1
= 0.528
0C
P P = P
2 1
= 0.07
2CE
P P
2 2 1
=P
B
<0.528
shock
waves
2
2
isentropic
recompression
non-isentropic
recompression
A
B
C
I
II
III
IV
V
F
L
0
1
P
2
P
1
P
0
|
o
R
segment length
near side
of track
line bisecting
angle of view
FIR
Filter
Weight Update
Algorithm
DUCT
Control
source
Error
microphone
Signal
Conditioning
Error path
delay estimate
Physical
system
Controller
Fan shaft
Tachometer
Primary
noise
w
N-1
in
out
z
-
1
z
-
1
z
-
1
w
0
w
1
FIR
Filter
Weight Update
Algorithm
DUCT
Control
source
Error
microphone
Reference
microphone
Error path
delay estimate
Physical
system
Controller
FIR
Filter
FIR
Filter
Weight Update
Algorithm
DUCT
Control
source
Error
microphone
Reference
microphone
Error path
delay estimate
Physical
system
Controller
H
IIR
Filter
-90
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
N
o
i
s
e

r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

(
d
B
)
0 100 200
Frequency (Hz)
Uncontrolled
Controlled
DUCT
Control
source
Error
microphone
Primary noise
Amplifier
Compensating
Filter
8
6
4
10
14
12
16
8
6
4
4
6
8
6
4
8
12
10
12
18
14
Controller
Electronic
Control
System
Physical
Control
System
Primary
Disturbance
Control
Sources
Error
Sensors
Enclosure
Reference
Sensor
P
h
a
s
e

(
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
d
B
)
10
20
30
40
50
-135
-90
-45
0
45
90
135
Mode
1,1 1,3 3,1 3,3 1,5
P
h
a
s
e

(
d
e
g
r
e
e
s
)
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

(
d
B
)
-135
-90
-45
0
45
90
135
20
40
60
80
Mode
0,0,1 0,2,0 0,0,2 0,2,1
Primary
Disturbance
Control Force
Cancel Reinforce Cancel
Modal
Rearrangement
Structural Modes
Acoustic Modes
40 dB
Attenuation
primary controlled
mode
n=3
mode
n=1
Adaptive
filter
Control
algorithm
P
A
m
F
x(n)
y(n)
e(n)
s(n)
p(n)
+
+
+
+
S
A
m
E
E
E
Acoustic/
vibration
system
Digital
electronic
system
Acoustic feedback path
Cancellation
path
estimate
E
S
R
noise in noise out
Control
signal
Error
signal
+
+
System
identification
algorithm
Filter
Random
noise
+
-
E
E
Adaptive
algorithm
System
identification
Error
signal
Controller
A/D
system
A/D
system
D/A
system
Reference
signal
Control
signal
Electronic
control system
n
U
tot
V
A
A
A
z
y
x
U
z
x
y
7
280 mm
680 mm
67 mm
70 mm
1
2
102 mm
12
11
5
4
3
104
mm
9
8
10
w
4
6 5
d
2
1
3
7
l
1 10 100 1000

B
(kg m
-3
)
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
R
1



(
M
K
S
r
a
y
l
s
m
-
1
)
d
=
1
2
3
4
5
7
6
8
1
0
1
5
1
2
2
.
5
1
.
5
10
-4
10
-2
10
-1
1 10
10
-2
10
-3
2
4
6
8
2
4
6
8
10
-1
2
4
6
8
10
0
f c ^/
f R /
1
^
/

=

1
.
0

m
^
/

=

0
.
1

m
high-frequency
range
low-frequency
range
mid-frequency
range
R
1
^ c / = 20
10
2
5
1
0.05 0.1 1 10 15
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
T
L

(
d
B
)
f c
B
^/
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
R
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n

l
o
s
s

(
d
B
)
f R /
1
10
-4
10
-2
10
-1
10
-3
1
1
10
100
0.01 0.1 1 2 4 10 6 100
T
L

(
d
B
)
f R /
1
R c
1
^/ = 10
2
5
1
0.2
0.5
0.1
heavy metal plug
test sample
microphone
probe
speaker
microphone
retracting
cable
mechanical drive
sound level
meter
bandpass
filter
graphic
level
recorder
amplifier oscillator
frequency
counter
0
Z = p u
t
/
t
x = -L
sample
x
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
0.50
0.0
0.45
0.05
0.40
0.10
0.35
0.15
0.30
0.20
0.25
L
0
(dB)
D
1
/

0
.
9
5
0
.
9
4
0
.
9
3
0
.
9
2
0
.
9
1
0
.
9
0
.
8
4
0
.
8
2
0
.
8
0
.
7
5
0
.
7
0
.
6
5
0
.
6
0
.
5
5
0
.
5
0
.
4
5
0
.
4
0
.
3
5
0
.
3
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
0
.
1
8
0
.
1
6
0
.
1
4
0
.
1
2
0
.
1
0
.
0
9
0
.
0
8
0
.
0
7
0
.
0
6
0
.
0
5
0
.
0
4
0
.
0
3
0
.
0
2
5
0
.
0
2
0
.
0
1
5
>
s
t

=

0
.
0
1
0
.
8
8
0
.
8
6
F
i
l
t
e
r

i
n
p
u
t

s
i
g
n
a
l
F
i
l
t
e
r

o
u
t
p
u
t
0
0
0
0
+8%
-1%
time
+1
-1
0
time, t
t 2t
(a)
(b)
Sum of first four
harmonic components
1
2
3
4
A /4 A / 4
A / 2
A
A
A
A
A
A / 2
2
A
A
A
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
k k
k
k
0
k
0
0
0
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e

s
q
u
a
r
e
d
a
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
amplitude squared
-f f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
k k
k
k
k
0
0
0
0
10 log
10 log
10
10
r
e
f
ref
ref
d
B

r
e

(d)
(c)
(b)
(a)
x(t)
time
X(f) '
frequency
- f
f
t - t
- T - /2 T T T/2
x(t)
time
X(f
n
)
frequency
1/ = T B
f f
0 1
f
-1
- t
t
f - f
(a)
(b)
- t
t
f - f
f f f /2 f /2
s s s s
frequency
1/f
s
time
X(f)
x(t )
k
t t t
0 -1 1
(c)
- T
s s s s
- /2 T T/2 T
- /2 f - f f /2 f
time
x(t )
k
X(f )
n
Frequency
(d)
amplitude
time
time
time
time
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
T
Flat
Hanning
A
t
t
e
n
u
a
t
i
o
n

(
d
B
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0
frequency
2
0

d
B
/
d
e
c
a
d
e
6
0

d
B
/
d
e
c
a
d
e
1
T