Name: sathya sri

Topic: pharmacotherap y and rational

Cardiovascular disorders
Pharmacotherapy and rational use of drugs

CVS diseases
Congestive heart failure
Coronary artery disorder

Acute myocardial infarction

hypertension

Cardiac arrhythmias

cardiomegaly

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a condition in which the heart's function as a pump is inadequate to deliver oxygen rich blood to the body.

CAUSES

Coronary heart disease

High blood pressure

alcohol

fatigue
As the oxygen demand is low

edema

Shortness of breath

ECG

ECG
Heart enlargement

TREATMENT
LIFE STYLE MODIFICATION

DRUG THERAPY

Life style modification

exercise

Salt less food

Medication
ACE inhibitors
captopril (Capoten), enalapril(Vasotec),

lisinopril (Zestril, Prinivil), ramipril (Altace).

Beta blockers

carvedilol(Coreg)

metoprolol (Toprol XL)

diuretics

furosemide (Lasix), hydrochlorothiazide (Hydrod iuril),

digoxin

ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Myocardial infarction (MI) or acute myocardial infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, is the interruption of blood supply to a part of the heart, causing heart cells to die.

A myocardial infarction occurs when an atherosclerotic plaque slowly builds up in the inner lining of a coronary artery and then suddenly ruptures, causing catastrophicthrombus formation, totally occluding the artery and preventing blood flow downstream.

Symptoms and signs

Chest pain

Dyspnea

Causes

stress

pneumonia

Risk factors
diabetes

obesity

hypertension

Medications

ACE inhibitors

Beta blockers

Omega 3 fatty acids

Aspirin

Respiratory disorders
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD

Asthma
Chronic Bronchitis

Pneumonia

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common lung diseases. It makes it difficult to breathe.

CAUSES

SMOKING

Pollution

symptoms

Treatment
bronchodilators

ipratropium (Atrovent)

Beta agonists

Salbutamol

Supply of oxygen

Asthma

Asthma (from the Greek , sthma, "panting") is a common chronic inflammatory disease of theairways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, andbronchospasm

Signs and symptoms

Wheezing

Coughing

MEDICATION

MEDICATION

FAST AND QUICK RELIEF

LONG TERM

FAST ACTING
Short acting beta2-adrenoceptor agonists (SABA), such as salbutamol (albuterol USAN) are the first line treatment
Anticholinergic medications, such as ipratropium bromide provide addition benefit when used in combination with SABA in those with moderate or severe symptoms.[3] Anticholinergic bronchodilators can also be used ]

Salbutamol metered dose inhaler commonly used to treat asthma attacks.

Longer acting drugs

Glucocorticoids are the most effective treatment available for long term control. Inhaled forms are usually used except in the case of severe persistent disease. Long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonists (LABA) have at least a 12-hour effect. They are however not to be used without a steroid due to an increased risk of severe symptoms. Leukotriene antagonists ( such as zafirlukast are an alternative to inhaled Glucocorticoids, but are not preferred. Mast cell stabilizers(such as cromolyn sodium) are another non-preferred alternative to glucocorticoids

Fluticasone propionate metered dose inhaler commonly used for long term control.

Renal disorder

renal disorder a disease affecting the kidneys

Types

Nephritic syndrome Nephrotic syndrome Chronic renal failure Localized pain

Nephritic Syndrome
Acute injury, multiple possible causes Major, acute injury to the glomerular basement membrane. Basic clinical pattern RBCs in the urine RBC casts in urine Decreased urine output Increased protein Increased B/P

Nephrotic Syndrome

Chronic injury of the glomerulus. Many causes Basic clinical pattern Proteinuria (>3.5 gm) High serum lipids Lipiduria Low serum albumen Edema

Chronic Renal Failure Many causes Progressive loss of renal function. Anemia Bleeding Increased infections Accumulation of nitrogen wastes Pericarditis Uremic frost

Medication The goal of therapy is to slow down or Control of blood pressure and treatment of the original disease, Generally, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors) or angiotensin II receptor antagonists(ARBs) are used,

Other medications

bardoxolone methyl, olmesartan medoxomil, sulodexide,and avosentan are used as ratinal therapy

Gastro intestinal disorders

Oral Cavities Esophagus Esophagitis- (Candidal) Gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD Laryngopharyngeal reflux (also known as extraesophageal reflux disease/EERD) rupture (Boerhaave syndrome, Mallory-Weiss syndrome) UES- (Zenker's diverticulum) LES- (Barrett's esophagus) Esophageal motility disorder - (Nutcracker esophagus, Achalasia, Diffuse esophageal spasm,GERD

Stomach
Gastritis - (Atrophic, Mntrier's disease, Gastroenteritis) Peptic (gastric) ulcer- (Cushing ulcer, Dieulafoy's lesion Dyspepsia Pyloric stenosis Achlorhydria Gastro paresis Gastroptosis Portal hypertensive gastropathy Gastric antral vascular ectasia Gastric dumping syndrome

Intestinal Diseases
Small intestine Enteritis (Duodenitis, Jejunitis, Ileitis) Peptic (duodenal) ulcer (Curling's ulcer) Malabsorption:Coeliac Tropical sprue Blind loop syndrome Whipple's Short bowel syndrome SteatorrheaMilroy disease

Large intestine
Appendicitis Colitis (Pseudomembranous, Ulcerative, Ischemic, Microscopic, Collageus ,Lymphocytic)Functional colonic disease (IBS, Intestinal pseudoobstruction/Ogilvie syndrome Megacolon/Toxic megacolon Diverticulitis/Diverticulosis

Rectum and Anus

Proctitis (Radiation proctitis) Proctalgia fugax Rectal prolapse Anal fissure/Anal fistula Anal abscess

Medications for gerd and peptic ulcers

Antacids H2 receptor antagonists Proton pump inhibitors Protect gastric mucosa sucralfate

Nervous system disorders

Epilepsy.

Headache: Migraine and Tension-Type Pain Management

Parkinsons Diseases Status Epilepticus

Drugs of Choice for Specific Seizure Disorders

First-Line Drugs

Partial seizures

Adults & adolescents:

Children: Children:

Carbamazepine Oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine Gabapentin Phenobarbital Lamotrigine Phenytoin Valproic acid

Partial seizures (refractory monotherapy

Lamotrigine FDA approved: Oxcarbazepine Carbamazepine Topiramate

Generalized seizures absence

Lamotrigine Ethosuximide Valproic acid

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

Clonazepam Lamotrigine Levetiracetam Topiramate

PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Alzheimers Disease . Anxiety Disorders Bipolar Disorder Major Depressive Disorder Schizophrenia . Sleep Disorders . Substance-Related Disorders

Major depressive disorder

Drug therapy Antihypertensives Clonidine infarction Diuretics Guanethidine sulfate Hydralazine hydrochloride Methyldopa Propranolol Reserpine

HEMATOLOGIC DISORDERS

Anemia
Sickle Cell Disease

THERAPY
Ferrous sulfate (exsiccated

Polysaccharide iron complex

Ferrous sulfate Ferrous gluconate Ferrous fumarate Carbonyl iron

Rheumatic disorder

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and usually progressive inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology characterized by polyarticular symmetric joint involvement and systemic manifestations.

rational Therapy

NSAIDs
Methotrexate
Leflunomide

Abatacept

Penicillamine
Hydroxychloroquine
Penicillamine

Sulfasalazine
Azathioprine

ENDOCRINOLOGIC DISORDERS

Adrenal Gland Disorders Diabetes Mellitus Thyroid Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders

CUSHINGS SYNDROME

Steroidogenic Inhibitors
Metyrapone (Metopirone) Aminoglutethimide (Cytadren)

Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia and abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. It results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, or both. Chronic microvascular, macrovascular, and neuropathic complications may ensue.

Oral hypoglycemic therapy

Sulfonylurea's Short-acting insulin secretagogues

Acetohexamide
Chlorpropamide (Y)

Nateglinide
Repaglinide

Tolbutamide (Y)

Biguanides Thiazolidinediones -Glucosidase inhibitors

Metformin Pioglitazone Rosiglitazone Acarbose Miglitol

Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) inhibitors Sitagliptin

INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Antimicrobial Regimen Central Nervous System Infections Endocarditis Fungal Infections, Invasive Gastrointestinal Infections Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Influenza . Intraabdominal Infections Upper Respiratory Tract Infections, Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Sepsis and Septic Shock Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Thank you