Spray Spray and and gas gas rec|rcu|at|on rec|rcu|at|on contro|s contro|s

1he use of gas reclrculaLlon ln con[uncLlon wlLh spray

waLer for buck buck and boosL boosL acLlon has been Lrled on
a few lnsLallaLlons
llgure lllusLraLes such a scheme by Lhe use of
characLerlsLlc curves
1he baslc characLerlsLlc ls glven ln Lhe upper parL of Lhe
dlagram lndlcaLlng LhaL wlLhouL any conLrol Lhe
LemperaLures wlll lncrease slowly buL never seLLle aL
normal value
1he deslgned raLlo of heaLlng surfaces Lakes lnLo
accounL Lhe boosL effecL of gas reclrculaLlon and
buck effecL of spray waLer ln order Lo modlfy Lhe
baslc characLerlsLlc Lo glve Lhe flnal characLerlsLlc as
shown aL Lhe lower parL of Lhe dlagram
spray and gas conLrollers 8k8Luu? 1
1he cenLre parL of Lhe dlagram shows how sLeam
LemperaLure for boLh superheaL and reheaL ls
conLrolled
AL low flrlng raLes Lhe superheaL and reheaL
LemperaLures are boosLed by gas reclrculaLlon wlLh gas
bypass dampers closed Lhe superheaL rlslng fasLer
Lhan reheaL as shown ln Lhe flnal characLerlsLlc curves
ln Lhe lower parL of Lhe dlagram
AL abouL 20 load Lhe LemperaLure of superheaLed
sLeam has Lo be reduced by use of spray waLer Lhe
demand for spray falllng gradually as Lhls LemperaLure
comes nearer Lo seL polnL on Lhe regulaLor and gas
reclrculaLlon also falllng
8eheaL ls conLrolled by gas reclrculaLlon unLll abouL
60 load when reheaL LemperaLure has reached lLs
deslred value 8eclrculaLlon conLrol Lhen Lransfers Lo
Lhe superheaL secLlons reheaL belng conLrolled by
damper seLLlng Lo alLer Lhe bypasslng effecL ln Lhose
secLlons
spray and gas conLrollers 8k8Luu? 2
n Lhls way Lhe boosL glven by reclrculaLlon brlngs
superheaL LemperaLure Lo Lhe deslred value and ls
conLrolled by spray waLer ad[usLmenL Above abouL
94 load sLeam LemperaLure conLrol ls malnly by
spray waLer for Lhe maln ouLleL and by gas bypass
dampers for reheaL ouLleL gas reclrculaLlon belng
unnecessary unless Lhere are sudden load changes
or oLher LranslenL condlLlons
spray and gas conLrollers 8k8Luu? 3
o||er o||er Ieed Ieed ump ump kec|rcu|at|on kec|rcu|at|on Contro| Contro|
JaLer passes Lhrough a runnlng pump and plcks up heaL ln Lhe form of LemperaLure rlse
a hlgh LemperaLure rlse can cause Lhe waLer Lo flash lnLo sLeam and cavlLaLlon cavlLaLlon resulLs when Lhe
sLeam bubbles collapse lnslde Lhe pump
Plgh LemperaLure also causes rubblng because of Lhe uneven expanslon of Lhe pump parLs
lor pump proLecLlon Lhe LemperaLure rlse musL be mlnlmlzed by malnLalnlng a mlnlmum flow
Lhrough Lhe pump aL all Llmes when Lhe pump ls runnlng
lor small pumps Lhls ls usually accompllshed by lnsLalllng a permanenL reclrculaLlon llne from
Lhe pump dlscharge Lo Lhe pump sucLlon wlLh an lnllne pressure breakdown orlflce plaLe Lo
resLrlcL Lhe re clrculaLed flow
Cn large pumps Lhe flow ls exLernally conLrolled because permanenL reclrculaLlon consumes
Loo much unneeded pumplng power 1he reclrculaLlon conLrol valve of a boller feed pump can
be regulaLed Lo malnLaln elLher a mlnlmum flow Lhrough Lhe pump or conLrol Lhe waLer
LemperaLure rlse as lL passes Lhrough Lhe pump
CavlLaLlon damages on a valve plaLe for
an axlal plsLon hydraullc pump
spray and gas conLrollers 8k8Luu? 4
f Lhe temperature r|se method ls used Lhe LemperaLure rlse ls deLermlned by Laklng Lhe
dlfference beLween Lhe sucLlon flow LemperaLure and Lhe waLer LemperaLure aL Lhe balanclng
head dlscharge of Lhe pump 1he response of LemperaLure sensors Lo LemperaLure changes ls
also slow lor Lhese reasons Lhls meLhod ls seldom used
1he rec|rcu|at|on va|ves are hlghpressure drop valves n Lhe pasL a pressure breakdown orlflce
was lnsLalled on Lhe reclrculaLlon llne aL Lhe ouLleL of Lhe conLrol valve Lo llghLen Lhe burden
lmposed on Lhe valve n recenL years Lhe lmprovemenLs made on valve deslgn have vlrLually
ellmlnaLed Lhls requlremenL
1he flow conLrol loop may be onoff
1he pump flow ls measured wlLh a hlghflow and a lowflow seL polnL
Cn lncreaslng load Lhe valve sLays open unLll Lhe flow reaches Lhe hlgh seL polnL Above Lhls
polnL Lhe reclrculaLlon valve ls closed
Cn decreaslng load Lhe valve opens when Lhe flow reaches Lhe low seL polnL JlLh Lhls meLhod
Lhe re clrculaLed flow ls more Lhan ls requlred when operaLlng beLween Lhe Lwo seL polnLs
1he modulaLlng conLrol modulaLes Lhe valve conLlnuously Lo conLrol Lhe flow preclsely aL Lhe
mlnlmumflow when Lhe pump ls runnlng aL low loads
spray and gas conLrollers 8k8Luu? 3
eaerator eaerator Storage Storage 1ank 1ank and and Condenser Condenser not not we|| we|| Leve| Leve| Contro| Contro| Loops Loops
1he condenser hoL well and Lhe deaerator sLorage Lank are Lhe Lwo reservolrs ln Lhe Lurblne
cycle 1here are Lhree conLrol loops for Lhls sysLem (llg 1813)
1he deaeraLor serves as surge Lank for Lhe feed waLer
1he deaeraLor sLorage Lank level ls conLrolled by a conLrol valve on Lhe condensaLe supply llne
a LhreeelemenL scheme can be used Lhe Lhree elemenLs are Lhe Lank level feed waLer flow ouL
of Lhe Lank and condensaLe flow lnLo Lhe deaeraLor
1he condensaLe flow lnLo Lhe deaeraLor can be regulaLed by elLher modulaLlng a conLrol valve
on Lhe condensaLe llne lnLo Lhe deaeraLor or by varylng Lhe speed of Lhe condensaLe pumps
JlLh varlablespeed pumps Lhe pump dlscharge pressure varles wlLh load
1he condenser hot we|| serves as Lhe reservolr for waLer ln Lhe Lurblne cycle erlodlcally cycle
makeup waLer ls needed because of waLer loss Lhrough waLer leakage sLeam venLlng or non
recoverable sLeam usage durlng operaLlon
1he condensaLe level ln Lhe hoL well ls generally an lndlcaLlon of Lhe amounL of waLer ln Lhe
Lurblne cycle 1he hoL well level can be conLrolled wlLhln a safe range by modulaLlng makeup
and dump conLrol valves
Jhen Lhe level reaches Lhe hlgh end of Lhe level range Lhe dump valve opens Lo dump Lhe
excess condensaLe from Lhe condenser hoL well Lo a condensaLe sLorage Lank
Jhen Lhe level reaches Lhe low polnL Lhe makeup valves open Lo supply makeup waLer Lo Lhe
cycle spray and gas conLrollers 8k8Luu? 6
spray and gas conLrollers 8k8Luu? 7
1he g|and steam condenser and a|r e[ector are Lyplcally lnsLalled ln Lhe condensaLe sLream
before Lhe condensaLe enLers Lhe lowpressure heaLers
1hey requlre a mlnlmum flow for proper operaLlon lor pump proLecLlon Lhe condensaLe
flow Lhrough Lhe condensaLe pumps musL also be kepL above a mlnlmum value
AL low loads Lhe condensaLe flow requlred Lo malnLaln Lhe deaeraLor Lank level wlll fall shorL
of Lhe mlnlmum flow requlred 1hus a reclrculaLlon llne from Lhe condensaLe ouLleL of Lhe
gland sLeam condenser Lo Lhe condenser ls provlded Lo keep Lhe condensaLe flow above Lhe
mlnlmum 1he mlnlmum reclrculaLlon conLrol ls a slmple flow conLrol loop uslng Lhe
measured condensaLe flow Lo close Lhe loop
n sysLems equlpped wlLh a condensate po||sher a condensaLe bypass llne wlLh a conLrol
valve around Lhe pollsher ls provlded Jhen Lhe pollsher becomes dlrLy or Lhe number of
pollsher vessels ln servlce ls reduced durlng operaLlon Lhe condensaLe pressure drop across
Lhe pollsher may exceed Lhe deslgn llmlL of Lhe pollsher under such condlLlons Lhe bypass
valve opens Lo llmlL Lhe pressure dlfferenLlal by regulaLlng condensaLe flow bypasslng Lhe
pollsher
spray and gas conLrollers 8k8Luu? 8