GEOMETRICAL OPTICS

In geometrical optics the light is assumed to travel or propagate in .straight lines .One line of light is defined as a ray A collection of rays is called a beam of .light

1 2

:A beam of light can either be parallel or(1) convergent or(2 ) divergent(3 ) Geometrical optics deals primarily with imaging how to produce images using light and how to manipulate the images features such as size, .brightness ,and location

Reflection Of Light
:It is of 2 types Regular reflection that usually takes-1 place from polished surfaces like .mirrors Diffused reflection that takes place in-2 .rough surfaces like paper or stone

Laws of reflection
The incident rays )A( ,the reflected- 1 rays )B( and the normal )C( at the point of incidence are all lying in the same . plane
C A d e B

Laws of reflection
The angle of incidence )d( is equal to-2 (the angle of reflection )e

REFRACTION OF LIGHT
Refraction of light is the bending of light ray when it passes from one medium into another medium of .different denisty

Laws of refraction
The ratio of the Sin of the angle of(1 incidence to the Sin of the angle of .refraction is a constant

-I Sin d
=

Laws of refraction
Constant

Sin e

Laws of refraction
The constant is called the refractive index

)N (which is usually defined as: Velocity of light in vacum divided on the velocity of light in medium Velocity of light in vacum =N Velocity of light in medium

Laws of refraction
Because the velocity of light in vacum is the greatest ,the refractive index is .always greater than one Another definition of N Velocity of light in medium1 =N Velocity of light in medium2

Laws of refraction
It is assumed that the velocity of light in medium 1 is greater than the velocity .of light in medium 2 It is assumed that the denisty of medium2 is greater than that of medium 1

Laws of refraction
Second law states that the incident( 2 ray ,the refractive ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie on the .same plane

Laws of refraction
The incident rays )A( ,the reflected- 2 rays )B( and the normal )C( at the point of incidence are all Lying in the same . plane
C A d e B

Laws of refraction
If a ray travels from a medium of less(3 denisty )A( to a medium of high denisty )B( the refracted ray moves towards the normal )C( and v.v
(A)air

(B)water
C

Laws of refraction
Real depth (=The refractive index )N(-4 Apparent depth

Laws of refraction
incident ray )2(refracted ray(=1) ON=real depth IN=apparent depth
AIR r i WATER I O )1( )2(

Total Internal Reflection

Suppose that a ray travels from a glass into an air ,then the refractive ray will .move away from the normal In other wards the angle of refraction will be greater than the angle of .incidence

Laws of refraction
If the angle of incidence is increased ,the angle of refraction will also increase until it reaches a value after which the angle will become a right angle )90 degrees( after which no refraction will occur but a reflection .occurs called total internal reflection

Total Internal Reflection

Glass
C 90 More than C

AIR
)1( )2( )3( )4(

Total Internal Reflection

The value of the angle of incidence for which the angle of refraction is 90 degrees is called the critical angle or .critical value C Any increase of the angle of incidence above this critical value results in total .internal reflection

Total Internal Reflection

The conditions for total internal : reflection the light must travel from a medium-1 of higher refractive index into a .medium of lower refractive index The angle of incidence must exceed-2 .the critical angle

Laws of refraction
Refractive index )N( is defined as(5 1 =N Sin C Since any sin of any angle can not exceed 1,thus N is always greater than .1

Refraction of the eye

In geometrical optics we are dealing with refraction in thin lenses where the thickness .of the lens has no consideration The thin lens only has one center and 2 focal .lengths In the eye we deal with more than one refracting surface each of them has its center .,refractive index and dioptric power

Refraction of the eye

The refracting system in the eye is called thick lens in consideration with the thickness of the refractive surfaces .of the eye

Refraction of the eye

The optical system of the eye is divided into the corneal part and the lenticular part , therefore the eye is considered as .a compound optical system The surfaces of the cornea and the lens alter the direction of incident rays causing them to collect on a focus on .the retina

Refraction of the eye

However , a model eye is being treated here , it will be assumed that the refracting surfaces of the eye are spherical and that their centers of curvature lie on a straight line called .the optical axis This is the straight line that extends from the vertex of the cornea to the .posterior pole of the eye

Refraction of the eye

The compound optical system of the eye is briefly summarized as comprising the corneal portion including the precorneal tear film and a lens portion which separates the .aqueous from the vitreous humour

Refraction of the eye

Rays entering the eye are refracted first and by the greatest amount at the cornea due to the great difference in refractive index between air and the corneal tissue. The cornea contributes about 70% of the refractive power of .the unaccommodated eye

Refraction of the eye

while the crystalline lens supplies the remaining 30% of the refractive power .of the eye During accommodation an additional refractive power is supplied by the lens .which gains a semispherical shape

Refraction of the eye

Refraction of light rays in the eyes :occurs by Anterior surface of the cornea the-1 .power of which = 42 diopters .Anterior surface of the lens- 2 posterior surface of the lens-3 The whole power of the lens is about 17 .diopters

Refraction of the eye

These three surfaces can be treated as :one surface provided that We know their radii of curvature-1 ,refractive indices and distance apart (.from each other )optical constants Their centers of curvature lie on the-2 same principal axis

Refraction of the eye

If the centers of these surfaces do not lie on the same principal axis as in dislocation of the crystalline lens the .rule will differ and diplopia is the result

OPTIC CONSTANTS
.Radii of curvature-1 .Distance apart-2 .Refractive indices-3 The refractive index )R.I ( for any medium can be measured by using a prism and allowing light to fall on the prism surface until the total internal .reflection occurs

R.I )N( = 1/Sin c = AC/ AB Where c is the critical angle , greater than .it total internal reflection occurs
A

R.I of the eye media

The R.I of the cornea =1.376 The R.I of the aqueous=1.336 The R.I of the lens cortex =1.386 The R.I of the vitreous=1.334 The R.I of the lens core =1. 406

Near point )pointum proximum( and Far point )pointum remotum(

The normal unaided eye forms clear images for objects at and between 2 :points Near point )pointum proximum( that- 1 usually taken to be equal to 25 cms. which forms the least distance for )distinct( clear vision, like during .reading

(:Far point )Pointum remotum

(:Far point )Pointum remotum-2 Taken to be equal to infinity and is defined as the furthest point of distinct .vision

Accommodation
The ability of the lens to change its radius of curvature from the flat shape at distance vision to very tense )thick( shape at close work is .called accommodation

Accommodation

The Ciliary Muscle contraction

Zonular fibers

Flat lens

Relaxation

Accommodated lens

Accommodation
In the normal eye the accommodation :is calculated as follows The distance between the retina and the back of the lens is approximately equal to 20 mm. and the object at far point is at infinity and the image lies at the .retina :Here the lens equation is

Accommodation
Pf = 1/f=1/u+1/ V U is the object that lies at infinity distance in front of the eye ,while v is the image on the retina 20 mm behind .the lens Where Pf is the power of the eye at far point

Pf

1/ infinity + 1 /0.02 = 0 + 50 = 50 diopters

diopters is the power of the whole eye at far point 50 .i.e at the unaccommodated position

(Accommodation )A
At the near point the power of the whole eye Pn = 1/u +1/v Where u is the distance between the eye and the object , the object is at 25 cm in .front of the eye While v is the distance between the lens .and the image on the retina= 20 mm

(Accommodation )A
The image is at the retina = 0.02 meter .behind the lens Pn = 1/0.25 + 1/ 0.02= 4 + 50 = 54 DS =The power of the whole eye at the .accommodated position

(Accommodation )A
For normal eye the amplitude of (accommodation )A Pnear Pfar = 54 50 =+ 4.0 diopters=

The amplitude of accommodation

It is the difference in dioptric power of the eye in the position of rest and the .position of full accommodation For normal eye the amplitude of (accommodation )A Pnear Pfar =54 50=+ 4.0 diopters=

Accommodation
The amplitude of accommodation declines with advancing age gradually where presbyopia almost settles at the .fifth decade of age The near point recedes gradually with .age like in the following slide

Accommodation

The range of accommodation

It is the distance between the far point and near point ,this is also decreases .with age

Cardinal points of the eye

1- First principal point =1.35mm 2- Second principal point =1.6mm 3- First nodal point =7.08mm 4- Second nodal point =7.33mm 5- First focal point =-15.7mm 6- second focal point= 24.4mm the retina.

This is called schematic eye in normal person , in which the 2 principal points lie in the A.C ,while the 2 nodal points each lies on its position on the lens of the eye, F1 in front the eye .,while F2 at the retina

Reduced eye
Since the eye contains 4 refracting surfaces ,calculations are simplified by treating this eye as a black box and using the cardinal points for determining object .image relationship Listing has reduced the eye model to a single refracting surface whose vertex coincides with the principal plane and whose nodal .point lies at the crystalline lens

Reduced eye
The justification of this model lies in the fact that the 2 principal points which lie midway in the anterior chamber are only separated by a fraction of mm. and .hardly shift during accommodation Similarly the 2 nodal points lie equally close together and remain fixed near .the posterior surface of the lens