CHAPTLR 2

Wbat ls an argument?
$ WHAT |$ AN ARGUMLNT
BArguments bave reasons ano enolngs
BPremlses ano concluslons
BPremlses are statements
B$tatements bave a trutb value
BLpresseo as a sentence but not all sentences
are statements
PRLM|$L$
B Reasons tor your argument
B $ometlmes not always a premlse or premlses are slgnaleo by tbe woros
B $lnce
B Due to tbe tact tbat
B 8ecause
CNCLU$|N$
B Tbe concluslon ls wbat your argument ls trylng to prove
B Concluslons can be anywbere ln tbe argument
B Concluslons are touno wben sucb woros as
B Tberetore
B |t tollows tbat
B Hencetortb
B $o
B Consequently
B Tbls ls only a guloe. |t ooesn't mean lt ls always so
8A$|C ARGUMLNT LvALUAT|N
B |n oroer to oetermlne lt an argument ls gooo tbe tollowlng
consloeratlons must be evaluateo
B Do tbe premlses support tbe concluslon?
B Are tbe premlses true?
B |t tbe premlses are talse tben tbe argument ls no gooo
B Lven lt tbe premlses are true tbe concluslons mlgbt not tollow
B $o bow oo we oetermlne gooo trom bao?
DLDUCT|vL
AND
|NDUCT|vL ARGUMLNT$
B |nouctlve arguments go 8LYND all tbe lntormatlon ln tbe premlses
B |nouctlve arguments make projectlons baseo on lntormatlon
B Deouctlve arguments oraw out tbe lmpllcatlons ot tbe premlses
B Deouctlve arguments oraw concluslons tbat are alreaoy contalneo ln tbe premlses
WA|T. . .THLRL'$ MRL
B Deouctlve arguments can be vallo/lnvallo souno/unsouno
B |nouctlve arguments can be strong/weak cogent/uncogent
B vallo arguments
B |t all tbe premlses are true tben tbe concluslon must be true
B Tbe key ls wbetber tbe concluslon LG|CALLY FLLW$ tbe premlses
B Arguments can bave talse premlses ano a true concluslon ano $T|LL 8L vAL|D
B |nvallo argument
B An lnvallo argument ls wben tbe concluslon ooes not loglcally tollow trom tbe
premlses
B |t tbe premlses ARL ACTUALLY TRUL ano tbe concluslon ls
ACTUALLY TRUL tbe argument ls souno
B |t tbe argument bas a talse premlse or lt lt ls lnvallo or botb lt ls
unsouno
LG|C |$ YUR FR|LND
B Tblnk about tbls on a loglcal realm
B Take tbls argument
B All men are mortal $ocrates ls a man tberetore $ocrates ls a mortal
B Tbls ls calleo a sylloglsm
B loglcal argument ln wblcb one proposltlon (tbe concluslon) ls lnterreo trom two otbers (tbe premlses)
B Loglcally tbe argument looks llke tbls
B All M are M
B $ ls M
B Tberetore $ ls M
B All A are 8
B All 8 are C
B Tberetore . . .(tlll ln your answer)
B Now oo you see bow arguments wltb talse premlses can bave a true concluslon?
|NDUCT|N (C|NG)
B An lnouctlve argument requlres a guess reacb or preolctlon
B Tblnk about movles or Tv sbows you llke
B Wby oo you tblnk aos tor tbem start llke From tbe creator or From tbe
comeolans wbo brougbt you. . .
B You tlll ln tbe blanks wltb your own loeas
B A strong lnouctlve argument tollows wben tbe concluslon ls strongly
supporteo
B Loglcal ano reasonable
B A cogent argument ls strong ano bas true premlses
B RLMLM8LR: Deouctlve arguments wben lt comes to tbelr vallolty are
eltber vallo or lnvallo. [uoglng tbe strengtb ot am lnouctlve argument ls
a blt more trlcky