Prokaryotes, Viruses, and Protistans

Microorganisms
Single-celled organisms that are too
small to be seen without a microscope Bacteria are the smallest living organisms Viruses are smaller but are not alive

The Prokaryotes
Only two groups
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Arose before the eukaryotes

Prokaryotic Characteristics
No membrane-bound
nucleus Single chromosome Cell wall in most species Prokaryotic fission Metabolic diversity

Prokaryotic Body Plan

pilus

bacterial flagellum

DNA

plasma capsule cell wall membrane

ribosomes in cytoplasm

Bacterial Shapes

coccus

bacillus

spirillum

Archaebacteria
Methanogens

Extreme halophiles
Extreme thermophiles

Archaebacteria Habitats

Eubacteria
Includes most familiar bacteria
Have fatty acids in plasma membrane Most have cell wall; always includes peptidoglycan Classification based largely on metabolism

Metabolic Diversity
Photoautotrophs
Chemoautotrophs Chemoheterotrop

hs

Bacterial Genes
Bacteria have a single chromosome Circular molecule of DNA

Many bacteria also have plasmids

Self-replicating circle of DNA that has a few genes Can be passed from one cell to another

Prokaryotic Fission

Video: E. coli Reproduction

http://www.college.ucla.edu/webproj ect/micro7/lecturenotes/finished/ecoli video.mov

nicked plasmid in donor cell

conjugation tube to recipient cell

Conjugation

The Normal Flora

The normal flora of humans is exceedingly complex and consists of more than 200 species of bacteria. The mixture of organisms regularly found at any anatomical site is referred to as the normal flora.

A Friendly Bacteria: E. coli

Commonly inhabits the intestines of vertebrates E. coli does not normally infect us Many benefits: vitamin K and the B complex are produced by E. coli prevent colonization by pathogens stimulate the production of crossreactive antibodies

E. coli strain O157:H7. A Dangerous Form

This mutant can be transmitted in food or water Think White Water and the Jack in the Box hamburger incidents Both made national news when many people became ill and some died.

Sewage Pollution Indicator

E. coli in streams, drinking water and surface waters of all kinds may indicate a problem with sewage and or farm runoff. Testing for unusual levels of these organisms is routinely done by public health officials

Parks, swimming pools, restaurants etc may be closed if E. coli is detected

E. coli Photos

EM cells
http://www.bact.wisc.edu/bact330/nfE.coli_colonies.jpeg

Culture plate

Park settles last E. coli suit

Patricia Guthrie - Staff Friday, December 15, 2000 The last of a dozen lawsuits, filed by families of children sickened in a 1998 E. coli outbreak tied to Cobb County's White Water park, has been settled out of court for an undisclosed sum, attorneys said Thursday. The family of Jordan Faith Shook of Cartersville, whose symptoms were among the most severe of the 26 children sickened by E. coli O157:H7, agreed to an out-of-court settlement. The settlement was sealed in court records and will not be disclosed, said Bill Marler, attorney for James and Judy Shook, Jordan's parents
http://www.marlerclark.com/news/whitewater10.htm

Necrotizing fasciitis: "The flesheating bacteria"

Streptococcus pyogenes strains (as well as others) rarely cause necrotizing fasciitis These infections are extremely serious Sometimes necessitate amputation or result in severe disfigurement.

Photomicrograph of Streptococcus pyogenes

http://www.cellsalive.net/photos/images/strep1.jpg

Unexpected Consequences
One weekend in June of 1998 while Cassie Moore was camping with her three children, she obtained a minor cut on her finger, which she bandaged properly. She also injured the left side of her body participating in sports. Not thinking much of either, she bandaged the cut, and went to bed (Moore, 1999).

edu:81/ScienceEd/stories/storyReader$89

Warning!
The next two slides are very graphic. They show the results of necrotizing fasciitis!!
You dont have to look at them if you are squeamish!

Severe Case

http://www.bact.wisc.edu:81/ScienceEd/stories/storyReader$89

Amputee

EPA finds contaminated drinking water on planes

WASHINGTON (Reuters) -- A surprising number of drinking water systems on domestic and foreign commercial aircraft tested this summer by the government did not meet federal standards because they were contaminated with potentially harmful bacteria, regulators said Monday. (Tuesday, September 21, 2004 Posted: 10:46 AM EDT (1446 GMT) )

Staph

Virus
Noncellular infectious agent Consists of protein wrapped around a nucleic acid core Cannot reproduce itself; can only be reproduced using a host cell

Viral Body Plans

Genetic material is DNA or RNA Coat is protein

Helical virus

Polyhedral virus

Complex virus (bacteriophage)

Enveloped Virus (HIV)

lipid envelope; proteins span the envelope, line its inner surface, spike out above it

viral coat (proteins)

Viral Multiplication - Basic Steps

Virus attaches to host cell Whole virus or genetic material enters host Viral DNA or RNA directs host to make viral genetic material and protein Viral nucleic acids and proteins are assembled New viral particles are released from cell

Lytic Pathway

Lysis

Assembly

Assembly Virus injects genetic material

Production of viral components

Lysogenic Pathway
Latent period extends the cycle Viral DNA becomes part of host chromosome for a time

Stimulus may cause cell to enter lytic pathway

Viral material integrated

Viral material passed on

Video: Virus Reproduction

http://www.med.sc.edu:85/movies/p hageh.mov

Replication of an Enveloped Virus

Transcription of viral genes DNA replication

Translation Proteins

Assembly

Video: Bioterrorism
http://www.rockefeller.edu/vaf/media .html

Food and Water Borne Viruses

Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses Polio hepatitis A (HA) Massive virus discovered in water tower

Norwalk and Norwalk-like viruses

small round structured viruses (SRSVs) strand RNA single structural protein viral gastroenteritis self-limiting, mild, and characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain.

http://rhino.bocklabs.wisc.edu/virusworld/jysart/norwalk_asv2001.jpg

Disney ship docks with 195 ill

PORT CANAVERAL, Florida (CNN) -- Sunny skies greeted the Disney cruise ship Magic as it docked here early Saturday, carrying 195 sick passengers and crew members. Norwalk virus.

(2002)

http://www.cnn.com/2002/TRAVEL/11/30/disney.sick.cruise/

Massive Virus Discovered in Water Tower

The largest virus ever discovered has been found in a water-cooling tower in Bradford, England. It was lurking inside single-celled organisms called amoebae, but its discoverers believe that it may also be capable of infecting humans.

http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99993559

Photo from the New Scientist

girth of 400 nanometers (visible with a good light microscope) 900 genes

Polio
Small water-food borne RNA virus In about 1% of the infected population, the virus attacks and kills motor neurons This results in various degrees of paralysis

http://www.rednova.com/news/stories/2/2003/04/29/story004.html

Polios Effects

http://cha.state.md.us/edcp/html/polio.html

http://www.bret.org.uk/nec2.htm

Hepatitis A (HA) Symptoms

fatigue jaundice abdominal pain loss of appetite nausea diarrhea fever

Persons at Risk
Household contacts of infected persons Sex contacts of infected persons Persons, especially children, living in areas with increased rates of hepatitis A during the baseline period from 1987-1997. Persons traveling to countries where hepatitis A is common Men who have sex with men Injecting and non-injecting drug users

Average reported cases of hepatitis A per 100,000 population*, 1987-1997

Red> 20

The HA World

TRANSMISSION
HAV is found in the stool (feces) of persons with hepatitis A. HAV is usually spread from person to person by putting something in the mouth (even though it may look clean) that has been contaminated with the stool of a person with hepatitis A.

Prevention
Hepatitis A vaccine is the best protection. Short-term protection against hepatitis A is available from immune globulin. It can be given before and within 2 weeks after coming in contact with HAV. Always wash your hands with soap and water after using the bathroom, changing a diaper, and before preparing and eating food.

Vaccination
Travelers to areas with increased rates of hepatitis A Men who have sex with men Injecting and non-injecting drug users Persons with clotting-factor disorders (e.g. hemophilia) Persons with chronic liver disease Children living in areas with increased rates of hepatitis A during the baseline period from 1987-1997.

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/a/fact.htm

HA Jaundice and the Viral Particle

http://www.apotheke-im-globus-wachau.de/Service/reis http://www.webcolombia.com/health/hepatitis/sintomas.jpg

Outback chain acquires ChiChi's

LOUISVILLE, Ky. (AP) Chi-Chi's, the chain of Mexican restaurants, may have served its last chimichanga. Outback Steakhouse Inc. this week closed on its $42.5 million deal for the rights to 76 restaurants in the Chi-Chi's chain, which was beleaguered by bankruptcy and a hepatitis outbreak.
http://www.washtimes.com/business/20040922-091157-9257r.htm

Viroids
Smaller than viruses

Strands or circles of
RNA

No protein-coding
genes No protein coat Cause many plant

PSTV
Most known viroids cause diseases in plants. The first viroid was discovered in 1971, by Diener. It's called the potato spindle tuber virus (PSTV), Contains a single loop of RNA Relies wholly on enzymes all ready in the host cell
http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/subcellular.html#Viroids

Vegetable MD Online
Cornell University Ag School

http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/Images/Potatoes/PotatoViruses/PotatoVirusfs1.jpg

Prions
Small proteins Linked to human diseases
Kuru Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)

Animal diseases
Scrapie in sheep Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease)

BSE (Mad Cow Disease)

There is a disease similar to BSE called Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD) that is found in people.

Warnings Sent to Emory Brain Patients

ATLANTA Oct. 1, 2004 Emory University officials sent warning letters to more than 500 surgery patients at the school's medical center after a brain surgery patient tested positive for a fatal disease similar to the human version of mad cow disease. Chances of infection are very low, said Dr. William Bornstein, chief quality officer for Emory Healthcare. "By using modern sterilization, this has never been transmitted," he said.
http://abcnews.go.com/wire/Living/ap20041001_1791.html

Chronic Wasting Disease Surfaces in New York Deer

All Things Considered, November 8, 2005 The discovery of chronic wasting disease in New York state has game officials taking new restrictive measures this hunting season. They're trying to stop the fatal deer disease before it decimates wild herds and hurts businesses that rely on hunters. North Country Public Radio's David Sommerstein reports. NPR: Chronic Wasting Disease Surfaces in New York Deer

Chronic Wasting Disease

Protistans Differ from Prokaryotes

Have a nucleus and organelles Have proteins associated with DNA Use microtubules in a cytoskeleton, spindle apparatus, and cilia and flagella May contain chloroplasts May divide by mitosis and meiosis

Major Lineages
Heterotrophs
Chytrids Water molds Slime molds Protozoans Sporozoan s

Autotrophs

Mix or Both

Red algae Euglenoids Brown algae Dinoflagella te Green algae Golden algae Diatoms

Animal-Like Protistans
Informally known as protozoans May resemble single-celled heterotrophic protistans that gave rise to animals Include predators, parasites, and grazers

Major Groups of Protozoans

Sarcodina - Amoeboid protozoans Ciliphora - Ciliated protozoans Mastigophora - Animal-like flagellates Apicomplexa - Parasitic heterotrophs such as the sporozoans

Naked Amoebas
Change shape constantly Move by means of pseudopods Most are free-living cells that engulf their prey Some are symbionts in animal guts A few are opportunistic pathogens

Amoeba

Amoeba

Video: Amoeba
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/moviega llery/pondscum/protozoa/amoeba/

Florida Boy Dies From Amoeba Infection In Brain

(CNN) -- An unidentified 12-year-old died Friday after being infected with an amoeba while swimming in a Florida lake. The boy had meningeal encephalitis -- a combination of meningitis and encephalitis, which causes the brain to swell, according to Dr. Jaime Carrizosa, an infectious disease specialist from Florida Hospital in Orlando. Carrizosa had treated the boy.

http://www.rense.com/general27/oom.htm

Other Ameboid Protozoans

Foraminiferans
Calcium carbonate shell

Radiolarians and Heliozoans

Shells of silica

Foraminiferan

Shelled amoeba, calcium carbonate

Do not post photos on Internet

Shelled amoeba, silica

A living heliozoan

Ciliated Protozoans
Phylum Ciliphora All heterotrophs Arrays of cilia allow movement and direct food into oral cavity

Hypotrich

Body Plan of Paramecium

food residues being ejected food vacuole gullet cilia trichocysts (harpoons)

contractile vacuole emptied macronucleus micronucleus

contractile vacuole full

Ciliate Conjugation
Most ciliates have two different nuclei
Large macronucleus Smaller micronucleus

Micronucleus participates in sexual reproduction (conjugation)

Partners exchange micronuclei

Paramecium Conjugation

Video: Ciliates
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/moviega llery/pondscum/protozoa/bursaria/ind ex.html

Animal-Like Flagellates
Phylum Mastigophora
Move by means of flagella All are heterotrophs
Free-living species in freshwater and marine habitats
Many are internal parasites

Body Plan of a Trypanosome (Causes African Sleeping Sickness)

Undulating membrane

mitochondrion

basal body of flagellum

free flagellum nucleus

Trichomonas vaginalis (Common STD)

Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomonas vaginalis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD), although transmission by other routes (such as soiled towels) has been documented. Most people infected with trichomoniasis are asymptomatic.

Symptomatic infections are characterized by a white discharge from the genital tract and itching.
http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/trichomonas.html

Dinoflagellates

Red tide organisms

Red Tide

Red Tide Toxins Can Cause Respiratory Problems in Humans

Source: Boston Globe, 3/29/05

Dinoflagellates and Climate Change

It has been suggested that variations in algal production of this natural gas, DMSP, play an important role in moderating our climate through their aerosols' effect on backscattering solar radiation and in cloud formation. DMSP = Dimethylsulfoniopropionate This compound may help protect algae (predation/oxidation)

Dimethylsulfide (DMS) Cycle, Ocean / Atmosphere Exchange

Recreated From: http://me-www.jrc.it/dms/dms.html

http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/dimethyl/overview.php

Sporozoans
Parasitic
Complete part of the life cycle inside specific cells of a host organism Many have elaborate life cycles that require different hosts

Many cause serious human disease

Cryptosporidium
Motile infective stage
(sporozoite) invades intestinal epithelium Causes cramps, watery diarrhea Commonly transmitted by water contaminated with

Toxoplasma
Cysts may be ingested with raw or undercooked meat Exposure to cysts from cat feces Symptoms are usually mild in people with normal immune function Infection during pregnancy can kill or damage the embryo

Cat Vector (Toxoplasma)

Malaria
Symptoms have been known for more than 2,000 years Most prevalent in tropical and subtropical parts of Africa Kills a million Africans each year Caused by four species of Plasmodium Transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes

Plasmodium Life Cycle

sporozites

sporozites Gametes form in mosquito gut, combine to form zygotes

merozoite Offspring enter blood, cause malarial symptoms

Male and female gametocytes in blood

Baghdad Boil' Afflicting U.S. Troops

Sun Apr 18, 5:36 PM ET By STEPHEN MANNING, Associated Press Writer WASHINGTON - Staff Sgt. Eric DiVona didn't notice the small bumps on his face and left earlobe until he returned from serving nine months in Iraq (news - web sites). Nothing much, he thought, probably just a spider bite.

In the News: Baghdad Boils

Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the protozoa of the Leishmania species, which is transmitted by the bite of a female sandfly. leishmaniasis is classified as cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis.

LEISHMANIA (Sporazoan)
4 PATHOGENIC SPECIES INFECTION OCCURS FROM INJECTION OF THE LARVAE FROM AN INFECTED SANDFLY- THE INTERMEDIATE HOST PHAGOCYTIC CELLS INGEST THE PARASITE BUT CANNOT KILL THEM SANDFLY INGESTS THE PARASITE FROM DOGS

Sand Flies (phebotomine flies) are the Leishmania Vector

Warning: the next slide is very graphic. You may be uncomfortable viewing it.

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no5/pdf/reithinger.pdf#search='Sand%20Flies%20leishma'

Dogs are considered the major reservoir for human disease.

Euglenoids
Phylum Euglenophyta Free-living flagellated cells that live in freshwater Majority are photoautotrophs Some are heterotrophs that feed on dissolved organic compounds Sewage pollution indicator organisms

Euglenoid Body Plan

long flagellum contractile vacuole chloroplast

eyespot shielding a ER light-sensitive receptor nucleus Golgi body

mitochondrion pellicle

Video: Euglena
http://www.lifesci.rutgers.edu/~triem er/movies.htg/Eanabaena6_8_984a.MOV

Video: Euglena - 2
http://www.uga.edu/caur/patres.html

Chrysophytes
Phylum Chrysophyta
Mainly free-living photosynthetic cells Four groups:
- Golden algae - Diatoms

- Yellow-green algae
Coccolithophores

Mixed Diatoms

Diatom Characteristics
Cell wall is composed of silica Two valves (halves) similar to a Petri dish Golden/green in color Important primary producers in both marine and freshwater ecosystems

Centric and Pennate Diatoms

Green Algae
Phylum Chlorophyta 7,000 species Resemble plants
Chlorophylls a and b

Starch grains in chloroplasts

Cell walls of cellulose, pectins
Ulva

Chlamydomonas Life Cycle

Zygote Diploid Haploid

Nuclear fusion

Meiosis, germination

Mitosis Cytoplasmic fusion Asexual reproduction Asexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction Gametes meet

Conjugating Spirogyra