GSM introduction

Evolution of cellular telephony

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Cellular Telephony
Cell 1

BS 1
BASE STATION CONTROLLER

Xchg. A

Xchg. B

BS 2

Cell 2

Call Through via BS 1.

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Cellular Telephony
Cell 1

BS 1
BASE STATION CONTROLLER

Xchg. A

Xchg. B

BS 2

Cell 2

Call Through via BS 1.

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Cellular Telephony
Cell 1

BS 1
BASE STATION CONTROLLER

Xchg. A

Xchg. B

BS 2

Cell 2

Call Through, but now through BS2.

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Frequency reuse in cellular telephony

Same frequency reused in the network Optimal use of a scarce resource : frequency

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Evolution of cellular telephony

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Cellular subscriber base

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Digital cellular technology : subscriber base

December 00

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Evolution of GSM Standards

1980s
Advanced Mobile Phone Service ( AMPS ), in America.

Early 1980s
European nations were developing cellular solutions, but no

common standard available.

1982
CEPT ( Conference of European Posts and Telegraph ) formed a

study group called the Groupe Special Mobile ( GSM ).

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Evolution of GSM Standards

Objective of GSM Good speech quality. Low terminal and service cost. Support for international roaming. Ability to support handheld terminals. Support for range of new services and facilities. Spectral Efficiency. ISDN Compatibility.

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Evolution of GSM Standards

1989
GSM responsibility transferred to ETSI ( European

Telecommunications Standards Institute ). Global System for Mobile Communication.

1990
Phase I of GSM Specifications published.

Mid 1991
Commercial services started.

1997
Commercial services available in 110 countries.
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Services provided by GSM

Tele-service : Telephony. Data Service :

Circuit Switched data upto 9600 bps. G3 Fascimile. SMS ( Short Message Service ).

Supplementary Service.
Call Forwarding, when subscriber unavailable. Call Barring for O/g or I/c calls. Caller Identification. Call Waiting. Multiparty Conversation.
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GSM

Network elements

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GSM Network Elements

HLR

MS
Um

BTS

Abis

BSC

MSC

VLR
EIR AuC

OMC
MS BTS BSC MSC Mobile Station. HLR Base Transceiver Station VLR Base Station Controller EIR Mobile Services Switching Center. AuC SMS

SMS

Home Location Register. Visitor Location Register. Equipment Identity Register Authentication Center. Short Message Service.

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GSM Element : Mobile Station.

Consists of the Mobile Equipment & SIM Card. Mobile Equipment

Uniquely identified by IMEI ( International Mobile Equipment

Identity ).

SIM ( Subscriber Identity Module ).

Uniquely identified by IMSI ( International Mobile Subscriber

Identity ). Also contains a secret key for Authentication. Can be protected against unauthorized use by a PIN ( Personal Identity Number ). Can also store SMS messages for later retrieval.

IMSI & IMEI are independent ( personal mobility ) .

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GSM Element : Mobile Station

International Mobile Equipment Identity.

Mobile Station

International Mobile Subscriber Identity.

SIM Card.

Key for Authentication / Security. Personal Identity Number ( PIN ) Stores SMS Messages.

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GSM Element ( Base Station Subsystem )

BSS ( Base Station Subsystem ).

BTS ( Base Transceiver Station ).

Radio Transceivers. Handles Radio Link Protocols with the MS. Manages the radio resources for one or more BTS. Handles Radio Channel Setup, Frequency Hopping, Handovers.

BSC ( Base Station Controller ).

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GSM Element ( HLR )

Contains administrative information of each subscriber registered in the corresponding GSM network. Location of the mobile is typically in the form of the signaling address of the VLR associated with the Mobile Station. Important data fields

MSISDN ( Mobile Subscriber ISDN No. ). Present VLR. IMSI ( International Mobile Subscriber Identity ).

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GSM Element ( VLR )

Contains selected administrative information from the HLR, necessary for call control and provision of the subscriber services, for each mobile currently located in the geographical area controlled by the VLR.

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GSM Element ( EIR )

Database of all valid mobile equipment in the network ( IMIE ). Three Lists corresponding to the status of the equipment.
White List. Grey List.

Black List.

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GSM Element ( AuC )

Protected database that stores a copy of a secret key number. Number used for authentication and encryption.

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GSM : Location Updation.

Location Update Request
@. Location Update Request Base Station Subsystem #. Acknowledgement of Location Update.

MS #

Previous MSC Subscription Data Return. HLR Location Cancellation Message.

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New MSC @ New VLR

Previous VLR

Location Update Message.

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GSM Network : Call Routing.

PSTN Gateway MSC.
Terminating MSC

BSS

FS HLR VLR

MS

The VLR returns the routing information to the HLR. This The terminating MSC digits the VLR for), the Gatewayroutes The identity ofMSRN,asks ( MSISDNGateway MSCrelation Based on the dialed it receives, the Subscriber ( MSC the Terminating Mobile the information, that isTheCall Subscriber initiates a call tois the Mobileserving the The identity ( Mobile Subscriberthatto presently Subscriber The HLR interrogates the VLR, Roaminga Paging ), defined the MSRN of the MS being determined, Number Request Fixed from the Fixed Subscriber a Mobile Subscriber. betweenIncoming correlateis IMSI ) the callthe Gatewaymust The Paging MSRNitandonsent backis Paged.referenced by The MSRN Response is byMSC,is to Gateway MSC. MSC. will enablethe The Mobilethe incoming call to the BSS. the call to isthatcall intimated to the to standard network recognizes to The Paging passed the Stationusing further, but passed the it Response routeHLR the MS Terminating sent from cannot the ascertained, and MSC. Terminating by the E.164 numberingTHROUGH. MSISDN.assigned subscriber, referred theby MSRN is not He dials to to BSS. is sent the MSISDN. is plan. The the the MSRN, withMobile Users HomeMSC. interrogate the the the Terminating Location Register. on torouting capability. Identity ( IMSI ). Mobile Subscriber to the subscriber. It is taken from a pool.
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GSM introduction

Air Interface

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Normal Burst Period Structure.

GSM Standard : Basic Unit is a BURST PERIOD.
tb

Data bits

s Trng. Seq. s

Data bits

tb Gb.
06 bits 114 bits

Tail Bits at 2 positions, 3 bits each

Data Bits at 2 positions, 57 bit each.

Stealing Bits at 2 positions, 1 bit each.

Training Sequence of 26 bits. Guard Bits of 8.25 bits.

02 bits
26 bits. 8.25 bits. 156.25 bits.

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Frame Structure.
BP0 BP1 BP2 BP3 BP4 BP5 BP6 BP7

One TDMA FRAME consists of 8 Burst Period. One Burst Period = 15 / 26 ms = 0.577ms One Frame = 8 * ( 15 / 26 ) ms = 4.615 ms

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Multi Frame Structure.

F0 F1 F2
F11 F12 F13 F14 F23 F24 F25

One Multi Frame Consists of 26 Frames.

F0-F11, F13-F24 : TCH ( Traffic Channel )

F12 : SACCH ( Slow Associated Control Channel )

F25 : Presently Unused. TCH for Uplink and Downlink separated by 3 TCH.

Control Channel defined as 51 Frame MF.

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Further framing structure

26 TDMA multiframe Used in the definition of the TCH/F and TCH/H 26*8 BP = 120ms 51 TDMA multiframe used in the definition of TCH/F, TCH/H & common channels. 51*8 BP Super frame 51*26 frames = 6.12 s Corresponds to the smallest cycle for which the organization of all channels is repeated Hyperframe 2048*51*26*8 BP = 3hr,28min,53secs,760ms smallest cycle for frequency hopping & for ciphering
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Hyperframe & Superframe

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Burst Types.

Normal Burst. Carry data. F Burst. Used in FCCH ( Frequency Correction Channel ). S Burst. Used in SCH ( Synchronization Channel ). Access Burst. Used in RACH ( Random Access Channel ). Dummy Burst

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Burst Types

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Logical Channel Types

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Traffic Channels

TCH/F Traffic Channel Full Rate @13 Kbps TCH/H Traffic Channel Half Rate @6.5 Kbps EFR Enhanced Full Rate @13 Kbps

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Broadcast Channels Downlink

BCCH Broadcast Control Channel Broadcasting Network / cell specific information FCCH Frequency Correction Control Channel Used by the mobiles for frequency correction SCH Synchronization Channel Synchronize mobiles ( TDMA FN & BSIC ) CBCH Cell Broadcast Control Channel

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Common Control Channel

Downlink PCH Paging Channel For alerting mobiles AGCH Access Grant Channel For granting access to mobile Uplink RACH Random access channel Mobiles seeking attention of the BTS

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Dedicated Control Channel

Slow SACCH Slow Associated Control Channel ( duplex ) Transmission of signaling data ( radio link supervision meas., transmit power control, timing advance ) Fast SDCCH Standalone Dedicated Control Channel ( duplex ) Signaling channel used for service request
FACCH
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Fast Associated Control Channel Stealing flag and preemption Used during call setup, handover
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Radio Link Aspects.

ITU Allocation for GSM 900

Band 890 - 915 Mhz for Uplink ( MS to BSS ).
Band 935 - 960 MHz for Downlink ( BSS to MS ).

To maximize the capacity utilization,

Access Technique is FDMA / TDMA / FDD.

25 MHz bandwidth divided into

124 Carriers ( ARFCN ). Spaced 200 KHz apart.

TDMA Superposed on the carrier frequencies. Each Base Station assigned Multiple frequencies.

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FDMA / TDMA

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GSM 900 / GSM 1800

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Multi-path Equalization

MS

Base Station

Training Sequence used to construct an inverse filter to extract the rest of the desired signal.

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Frequency Hopping

Objective
Multi-Path Fading is dependent on carrier frequency. Changing

the carrier frequency slowly, helps alleviate the problem. Co-channel interference is in effect randomized.

Realization
The ARFCN for the channels is changed in each successive frame,

based on Hopping Sequence.

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Frequency Hopping

CH.1 CH.2 CH.3

Channel No.

Fr.1 Fr.2

Fr.3 Fr.4 Fr.5 Fr.6

Time

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Discontinuous Transmission
Average Person speaks for 40% of the time. Transmitter turned off during silence period. Benefit : Minimizes Co-channel Interference. Added Benefit : Conserves Power. VAD ( Voice Activity Detection ):

Voice misinterpreted as noise, Clipping occurs. Noise misinterpreted as Voice, efficiency decreases.

Comfort Noise Creation at the receiver during off period.

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Discontinuous Reception.
Paging channel used for alerting mobiles. Paging channel is structured into sub-channels. MS to listen only to its own sub-channel. For Power Conservation at the MS.

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Power Classes ( MS ).
Five Power Classes. For Mobile Station ( GSM 900 )

5 levels.

20 W ( 43 dBm ) : Class I. 8 W ( 39 dBm ) : Class II. 5 W ( 37 dBm ) : Class III. 2 W ( 33 dBm ) : Class IV. 0.8 W ( 29 dBm ) : Class V. Power level can be stepped up or down in steps of 2 dB, from the peak power, for the class down to a minimum of 13 dBm (20mW).

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Power Classes ( BS ).
Eight Power Classes. For Base Station.

Eight classes.

320 W ( 55 dBm ) : Class I. 160 W ( 52 dBm ) : Class II. 80 W ( 49 dBm ) : Class III. 40 W ( 46 dBm ) : Class IV. 20 W ( 43 dBm ) : Class V. 10 W ( 40 dBm ) : Class VI. 5 W ( 37 dBm ) : Class VII. 2.5 W ( 34 dBm ) : Class VIII.

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Voice Processing.

Speech

Speech Coding

Channel Coding

Interleaving

Ciphering

Modulation

Speech

Speech Decoding

Channel DeCoding

DeInterleaving

DeCiphering

DeModulation

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GSM Radio Link Characteristics

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