ALTTC/ DX Faculty

Background of Ethernet (First LAN)

Digital, Intel & Xerox (DIX) consortium created original Ethernet 1980 (originally known as Alto Aloha Network) The first network to provide Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Ethernet_II to followed in 1984 (ver-2) IEEE termed this as 802 project
Initially IEEE 802 Project divided into three groups
ALTTC/ DX Faculty 2

Initial IEEE 802 Project

High level interface (HILI) became 802.1 committee
Responsible for High level interworking protocols and management

LLC group became 802.2 committee,

for end to end link connectivity between higher layer and media access dependent layers

DL & MAC (DLMAC) group became responsible medium access protocols

DL MAC has been split into three sub committees
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DL MAC committees 802.3

802.3 for Ethernet Came of with Ethernet physical layer spec. MAC addressing is same as Ethernet_II but length field replaced type filed Bus topology LAN at 10 Mbps with collision detection (CSMA/CD)
10base 2/ thinnet 185 meters segment without repeater over RG58 coaxial cable at 50 ohms 10base 5/ thicknet 500 meters segment without repeater over RG8/11 coaxial cable at 50 ohms 10base T/UTP cat 3 UTP(Unshielded Twisted Pair) to support 10 Mbps
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DL MAC committees 802.4/802.5 802.4 for Token Bus Burroughs, concord data systems, Honeywell, western digital, general motors & Boeing took over 802.4 802.5 for Token Ring IBM worked on 802.5

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Ethernet Technology

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Ethernet Standards (802.3)

Ethernet (10 Mbps)
Ethernet_II - (DIX- Ethernet) IEEE 802.3 - Ethernet IEEE 802.12 - 100VG AnyLAN IEEE 802.3u - Fast Ethernet

Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps)

Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps or 1 Gbps)

IEEE 802.3z - Gigabit Ethernet IEEE 802.ab - Gigabit Ethernet

10 Gigabit Ethernet (10 Gbps)

ALTTC/ DX Faculty

IEEE 802.3ae - 10 Gigabit Ethernet

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Ethernet_II vs. OSI Model

DIX-Ethernet Layers

Upper Layers Network

Other Layers Network

Media Access Control

(MAC)

Data Link Physical

Ethernet_II

OSI model

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Ethernet_II- Frame

64~1518B

8B
PREAMBLE

6B
DESTINATION HARDWARE ADDRESS

72~1526B 6B
SOURCE HARDWARE ADDRESS

2B
T Y P E

46~1500B
LAYER 3 DATA

4B
CRC

Eg. Of Type Fields: 0800- IP 0806- ARP 8035- RARP

ALTTC/ DX Faculty

Ethernet_II Frame - Details

Preamble: 8 bytes of alternating 0s and 1s to synchronise the receiver Destination Address (DA): 6 bytes (48 bits) unique physical address of destination machine encoded in NIC Source Address (SA): 6 bytes (48 bits) unique physical address of source machine encoded in NIC Type : 2 bytes (16 bits) indicates the type of Layer 3 protocol being used Eg. IP, ARP or RARP (uses RFC 1700 Ethernet Type Values) Layer 3 Data: Between 46-1500 bytes CRC : 4 bytes (32 bits) for error detection information
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ALTTC/ DX Faculty

MAC Address structure (for all Ethernet)

Destination address : (LS Bit first and MS bit Last in each byte Little-Endian style) I/G Individual / group address: 0 - Individual address. 1 - Group address. U/L Universal /local address: 0 - Universally administered. 1- Locally administered. Source address (LS Bit first and MS bit Last in each byte Little-Endian style) I/G bit is always 0. U/L Universal/local address may be 0/1
LSB MSB LSB MSB LSB MSB LSB MSB LSB MSB LSB MSB

U/L I/G
Most Significant Byte Least Significant Byte

Organisationally Unique Identifier (OUI) (3 bytes)

ALTTC/ DX Faculty

Vendor Assingned No. (Serial No.) (3 bytes)

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CSMA/CD
Ethernet Uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) as access method Any station wishing to transmit must listen for Carrier on the line If no carrier is detected, the line is idle and transmission can be initiated Two or more stations transmits at the same time, when there was no carrier, results in collision which is indicated by high voltage on the line After collision retry is done at staggered time by different devices CSMA/CD reduces the number of collision but does not eliminate them
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Ethernet CSMA/CD algorithm

If adapter detects another transmission while transmitting, aborts and sends jam signal After aborting, adapter enters exponential backoff after mth collision
first collision: choose K from {0,1} i.e.{0, 22-1}; delay is K x 512 bit transmission times after second collision: choose K from {0,1,2,3}ie. {0,1,..22-1} after ten collisions, choose K from {0,1,2,3,4,,1023}I.e. {0,1,..210-1}
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IEEE Project 802

IEEE Project 802 sets standard to enable interworking between devices of various vendors.
Logical Link Control (LLC) sub-layer has been added to achieve the above objective
Other Layers Network Logical Link Control Media Access Control IEEE Project 802
ALTTC/ DX Faculty

Other Layers Network Data Link Physical OSI model

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Initial IEEE Project 802

IEEE 802.2 LLC deals with logical address, control information and data MAC sub layer resolves contention for shared media
Other Layers
Network

802.2 - Logical Link Control

802.3 CSMA/CD
ALTTC/ DX Faculty

802.4 Token Bus

802.5 Token Ring

ANSI FDDI
15

IEEE Project 802

802.3 MAC Frame/802.2 LLC without SNAP

DSAP 1B

SSAP

Control 12 B

1B

802.2 LLC LAYER ENCAPSULATION

DATA 43~1497B
SOURCE HARDWARE ADDRESS

3B S N F HARDWARE D
ADDRESS DESTINATIO

PREAMBLE

LE N GT H

802.2 PDU

CRC

7B

1B

6B

6B
72~1526B

2B
64~1518B

46~1500B

4B

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802.3 MAC Frame

Preamble
7 bytes of alternating 0s and 1s that alert the receiving system and enable it to synchronise its input timing

Start Frame Delimiter (SFD)

One byte (10101011) signals the beginning of the frame

Destination Address (DA)

6 bytes (48 bits) unique physical address of destination machine encoded in NIC

Source Address (SA)

6 bytes (48 bits) unique physical address of source machine encoded in NIC
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802.3 MAC Frame

Length (2 bytes)
Indicate number of bytes in the frame

802.2 PDU
Upper layer information between 461500 bytes

CRC (4 bytes)
For error detection information

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802.2 LLC Header

DSAP:Destination service access point structure I/G - Individual/group address 0 - Individual DSAP. 1 - Group DSAP. SSAP:Source service access point structure C/R - Command/response: 0 - Command. 1 - Response. Control: The structure of the control field is same as HDLC . For IP Network value is (03)
I/G

DSAP

C/R

SSAP

Control

802.2 LLC Header

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802.3 MAC Frame/802.2 LLC with SNAP

OUI- Organisationally Unique Identifier SNAP- Sub Network Access Point

OUI 3B

Ether Type 2B SNAP 5B

DSAP 1B

SSAP 1B

Control 12 B

802.2 LLC / SNAP ENCAPSULATION

DATA 38~1492B
SOURCE HARDWARE ADDRESS

8B S N F HARDWARE D
ADDRESS DESTINATIO

PREAMBLE 7B

LE N GT H 2B 64~1518B

802.2 PDU 46~1500B

CRC 4B

1B

6B

6B 72~1526B

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Ethernet (Cabling Spec.)

Three main Cabling specifications are available in Ethernet: 10 Base 5
Uses Thick co-axial Cable

10 Base 2
Uses Thin Coaxial Cable

10 Base T
Uses Unshielded Twisted pair cable
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10Base5; Thick Ethernet; Thicknet

The nickname derives from the size of the cable Each station on Ethernet network has its own Network Interface Card (NIC) which provides the station with a unique 6 bytes physical address Each frame is transmitted to every station on the link but will be read only by the station to which it is addressed Transceiver performs the CSMA/CD for checking voltages and collisions on the line
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10Base5; Thick Ethernet; Thicknet

R
Segment 1

R
2 6

1 5

2.5 M

50 M

Segment 1
3

500 M; 200 Stations 4 5 Segments; 2500 M; 1000 Stations 1-NIC(Network Interface Card) 3-Cable Terminator 2-RG-8 Thick Coaxial Cable 4-Transceiver Vampire Tap

5-Attachment Unit Interface (AUI);Transceiver Cable (15 Wires)

6-Media Attachment unit (MAU);commonly known as Transceiver
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10Base2; Thin Ethernet; Thinnet

Also known as cheapnet or cheapernet Provides same data rate as 10Base5 but with distance limitation of 185 meters and lesser number of work stations Transceiver circuitry has moved into the NIC Transceiver tap has been replaced by a connector that splices the station directly into the cable BNC-T connector is with 3 ports; one for NIC, one each for input and output ends of the cable
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10Base2; Thin Ethernet; Thinnet

3 1 4 185 M 1-NIC(Network Interface Card) 3-BNC-T Connector 2-RG-58 Thin Coaxial Cable 4-Cable Terminator 2

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10BaseT
A star topology LAN All individual transceiver functions and networking operations are placed in an intelligent hub with a port for each station Hub fans out any transmitted frame to all its connected stations Frame will be read by all, but will only be processed by the station to which it is addressed
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10BaseT

1 2 100 M

10Base-T Hub

4 100 M

1-10 Base-T Hub 3-RJ-45 Connector Female

2-RJ-45 Connector Male 4-Network Interface Card

5-RJ-45; Four Pairs UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) Cable

ALTTC/ DX Faculty

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Fast Ethernet Standards

Two standards are approved by IEEE in June 1995 802.12 802.3u

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Fast Ethernet Standards- 802.12/802.3u

802.12
Uses even efficient signaling techniques than CSMA/CD known as Demand Priority Access Method (DPAM) Also known as 100VG-AnyLAN Not popular and eventually disappeared from the market

802.3u
Most popular spec. in 100Mbps over cat 5 UTP or cat 5 plus Also known as Fast Ethernet
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Fast Ethernet (Cabling Spec.) Fast Ethernet (100Base-T) is available in three different types of cable technologies:
100Base-T4
Utilizes four pairs of telephone-grade twisted-pair wire and is used for networks that need a low quality twisted-pair on a 100-Mbps Ethernet

100Base-TX

Developed by ANSI 100Base-TX is also known as 100Base-X, 100Base-TX uses two wire data grade twisted-pair wire Developed by ANSI, 100Base-FX utilizes 2 stands of fiber cable
30

100Base-FX
ALTTC/ DX Faculty

Fast Ethernet (Cabling Spec.)

100 Base-TX
Uses 2 pairs (1 pair towards hub and other pair from hub) of CAT-5 UTP or STP Encoding used is 4B/5B Distance between hub & station be < 100 M

100 Base-FX
Uses 2 optical Fibers (1 fibre towards hub and other fibre from hub) Encoding used is 4B/5B Distance between hub & station be < 2000 M
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Fast Ethernet (Cabling Spec.)

100 Base-T4
Makes use of already exiting telephone cables Uses 4 pairs of voice grade UTP CAT-3 2 pairs are bi-directional and the other 2 are uni-directional At a time 3 pairs are used to carry data in each direction at a data rate of 33.33 Mbps i.e. 2 pairs carry data bidirectionally Encoding used is 8B/6T (8Binary/6Ternary) Distance between hub & station be < 100 M
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Auto Negotiation in Fast Ethernet

Auto negotiation uses a priority scheme to decide more preferred option for 100/10 Mbps Ethernet Lower the functioning value more the preferred one Auto negotiation uses fast link pulses (FLPs) for negotiation Lowest functioning option is chosen Auto negotiation may fail sometimes Important connection are configured manually
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Auto Negotiation Priorities

Standard
100 base T2 100 base T2 100 base Tx 100 base Tx 100 base T4 10 base T 10 base T
ALTTC/ DX Faculty

full/half
full half full half half full half

Auto negotiation priority 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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Gigabit Ethernet Standards

4 implements have been designed:
1000 1000 1000 1000
FEATURE MEDIUM SIGNAL MAXIMUM DISTANCE
ALTTC/ DX Faculty

Base-LX Base-SX Base-CX Base-T

1000Base-SX 1000BaseCX STP Electrical 1000Bas e-T UTP Electrical

1000Base-LX

Optical Fiber (Multi mode; Single mode)

Long-Wave Laser 550 Meters Multi mode; 5000 Meters Single mode

Optical Fiber (Multi mode)

Short-Wave Laser 550 Meters

25M

25M

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Gigabit Ethernet Media Options

ALTTC/ DX Faculty

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Cabling Spec. for UTP Standard

Category Category Category Category 3 4 5 6 (Cat 3)for speed 10 Mbps (Cat 4) for speed 16 Mbps Cat 5) for speed 100 Mbps (Cat 6) for speed 1Gbps

Also known as Category 5E

Category 7 (Cat 7) for speed 10 Gbps

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IEEE 802.4 (Token Bus)

Combines physical configuration of Ethernet (a bus topology) and the collision free feature of Token Ring Token bus is a physical bus that operates as logical ring using tokens (Round Robin)
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Ring Topology & Token Ring Hub

ALTTC/ DX Faculty

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Token Ring Media Access Control

Token ring uses a controlled-access technique called token passing. The token is a series of bits, travels between the computers in a predetermined sequence. A computer with a message waits to transmit until it receives a free token. The computer changes the free token to a busy token and attaches its message to it. Then it retransmits it on the circuit to the next computer in the sequence. The computer receiving the message, changes the acknowledgement to ACK (or NAK) and sends the message back to the sender, who creates a new free token.
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Token Ring Media Access Control

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Token Ring Media Access Control

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Token Ring Media Access Control

Token loss:
The token crashes before being transmitted - lost a free token A computer in the ring crashes - lost a busy token A token is always busy.

A solution for the lost token problem:

Designate one computer to be the token monitor and another computer to be a backup token monitor. If no token circulated through the network for a certain length of time or if a busy token circulates too often, the token monitor will create a new free token.

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FDDI
Fiber Distributed Data Interface, standardised by ANSI and the ITU-T High speed alternative to Ethernet and Token Ring Copper version of FDDI is known as CDDI Uses Token passing as access method Implemented in dual ring In most cases, data transmission is confined to the primary ring The secondary ring is provided in case the primary ring fails
ALTTC/ DX Faculty 44

FDDI-Self Healing Ring

Secondary Ring

Primary Ring

Fault

ALTTC/ DX Faculty

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MAC Address structure- Token Ring/FDDI

Destination address (LS Bit first and MS bit Lastin each byte Big-Endian style) I/G Individual / group address 0 - Individual address. 1 - Group address. U/L Universal /local address 0 - Universally administered. 1- Locally administered. Source address (LS Bit first and MS bit Last in each byte - BigEndian style) I/G bit is always 0. U/L Universal/local address may be 0/1
MSB LSB MSB LSB MSB LSB MSB LSB MSB LSB MSB LSB

I/G U/L
Most Significant Byte Least Significant Byte

Organisationally Unique Identifier (OUI) (3 bytes)

ALTTC/ DX Faculty

Vendor Assingned No. (Serial No.) (3 bytes)

46

FDDI-Media Access Control

The FDDI-MAC scheme uses a variation of the IEEE 802.5 token-passing standard.
Messages and the token are sent in different frames separately in a FDDI LAN. A computer can send data only when it captures the token. When a computer on an FDDI network waiting for transmission receives the token, it holds the token and then transmits all messages that were attached to it. The computer then transmits whatever messages its wants before transmitting the token. When receiver receives the data frame it simply copy the data frame leaving it to be absorbed by the sender.

ALTTC/ DX Faculty

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Typical Fast Ethernet Backbone

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Wireless Ethernet

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Wireless Ethernet Standards

IEEE 802.11
The initial release of the standard capable of transmissions of 1 to 2 Mbps and operates in the 2.4 GHz band.

IEEE 802.11a
Capable of transmissions of up to 54 Mbps and operates in the 5 GHz band.

IEEE 802.11b
Introduced in 1999 802.11b is capable of transmissions of up to 11 Mbps and operates in the 2.4 GHz band.

IEEE 802.11g
ALTTC/ DX Faculty

Capable of transmissions of up to 20 Mbps and operates in the 2.4 GHz band.

50

Wireless Ethernet Standards

IEEE 802.11 Up to 2Mbps in the 2.4GHz band This specification has been extended into 802.11b. IEEE 802.11a (Wi-Fi certified) Up to 54Mbps in the 5GHz band Products that adhere to this standard are considered "Wi-Fi Certified." Eight available channels. Less potential for RF interference than 802.11b and 802.11g.
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Wireless Ethernet Standards

IEEE 802.11b (Wi-Fi certified) Up to 11Mbps in the 2.4GHz band Products that adhere to this standard are considered "Wi-Fi Certified." Not interoperable with 802.11a. Requires fewer access points than 802.11a for coverage of large areas. Offers high-speed access to data at up to 300 feet from base station. 1 14 channels available in the 2.4GHz band (only 11 of which can be used in the U.S.)
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Wireless Ethernet Standards

IEEE 802.11g (Wi-Fi certified) Up to 54Mbps in the 2.4GHz band Products that adhere to this standard are considered "Wi-Fi Certified." May replace 802.11b. Improved security enhancements over 802.11. Compatible with 802.11b. 14 channels available in the 2.4GHz band (only 11 of which can be used in the U.S.)
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Non Wi-Fi Certified Wireless LANS

Bluetooth
Up to 2 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band

HomeRF
Up to 10 Mbps in the 2.4 GHZ band Range is only 150 feet from base station.

HiperLAN/1 (Europe)
Up to 20 Mbps in the 5 GHz band & Only in Europe & Relatively expensive

HiperLAN/2 (Europe)
Up to 54 Mbps in the 5 GHz band & Only in Europe Better quality of service than HiperLAN/1
ALTTC/ DX Faculty 54

Present IEEE 802 Project Working Groups

802.1 Higher Layer LAN Protocols Working Group 802.2 Logical Link Control Working Group 802.3 Ethernet Working Group 802.4 Token Bus Working Group 802.5 Token Ring Working Group 802.6 Metropolitan Area Network Working Group 802.7 Broadband TAG 802.8 Fiber Optic TAG 802.9 Isochronous LAN Working Group 802.10 Security Working Group
ALTTC/ DX Faculty

802.11 Wireless LAN Working Group 802.12 Demand Priority Working Group 802.14 Cable Modem Working Group 802.15 Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) Working Group 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access Working Group 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring Working Group

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ALTTC/ DX Faculty

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