Surveying

Lecture 5 Madhuri Kumari

Instruments for chaining

Chain or tape Arrows Pegs Ranging rods Offset rods Plasterers laths and whites Plumb bob

Chain
Metric Chain
Based on metric unit Available in lengths of 5, 10, 20, 30m

Gunters Chain or Surveyors Chain

66ft long -> 100 links Land measurement
10 square chain = 1 acre 10 Gunters chain = 1 furlong 80 Gunters chain = 1 mile

Engineers Chain
100 ft long -> 100 links

Revenue Chain
33ft long -> 16 links (2 1/16 ft) Measuring field in cadastral survey

Steel Band or Band Chain

12 16 mm width, 0.3 to 0.6 mm thickness

Metric Chain
Tallies are fixed for fraction reading
At every mt length for chains of 5m and 10 m At every 5 mt length for chains of 20m & 30 m
Brass rings provided at every meter length

Groove on outside of handle to hold arrow Length of chain are engraved on handle Error
5 mm in 20 m 8 mm in 30 m

Steel band
Available in lengths of 20 or 30 m. Divided by brass studs at every 20 cm Numbered at every mt. First & last links (20 cm) subdivided into cm & mm. Should be used for accurate work Disadvantage
Easily break Difficult to repair in field

Testing chain
Standard chain or steel tape Permanent test guage Length of chain is measured
At 8 kg pull Against a steel tape std at 20 degrees celsius

Limit
20 m -> 5mm 30 m -> 8 mm Every mt should be accurate to 2 mm

Adjusting chain
Long chain
Closing joints of rings Reshaping elongated rings Removing rings Replacing worn out rings Adjusting links at ends Straightening the links Flattening circular rings Replacing rings with bigger ones Inserting additional ring Adjusting links at ends

Short chain

Tapes
Cloth or linen tape
12 15 mm wide Varnished to resist moisture Used for taking subsidiary measurements 10 m, 20 m, 25 m, 30 m Affected by moisture, length gets altered easily, twist & tangle, not strong

Metallic tape
Waterproof linen interwoven with brass, copper or bronze wires 2, 5, 10, 20, 30 & 50 m Metal or leather case fitted with winding device

Tapes
Steel tape
6 10 mm wide 1, 2, 10, 20, 30, 50 m Delicate & light, cannot withstand rough usage, need to be protected against rusting

Invar tape
Used for linear measurement of high degree precision -> base line measurement Alloy of Ni and Steel Low coefficient of thermal expansion Subjected to creep; easily deformed, bent & damaged 6 mm wide 20, 30, 100 m

Chain instruments - Others

Arrows
Marking intermediate points (every chain length) Made of stout steel wire (4mm dia wire) 10 arrows are supplied with a chain Length -> 25 50 cm (40 cm) One end sharp and other end is bent to loop (50 mm dia)

Chain instruments - Others

Pegs
Marking survey stations Made of stout timber (2.5 3 cm square) 15 cm long Tapered at end Kept abt 4 cm projecting above surface.

Chain instruments - Others

Pegs
Marking survey stations Made of stout timber (2.5 3 cm square) 15 cm long Tapered at end Kept abt 4 cm projecting above surface.

Chain instruments Others

Ranging rods
2 3 m long Shod at bottom with heavy iron point Painted in alternative bands (black-white or red-white) Each band is 20 cm Used to range intermediate points on survey line Circular or octagonal in c/s 3 cm dia Invisible on long lines flag tied at top Ranging poles are 4-8 m , 6-10 cm dia Plumb bob is used for setting the rods vertical

Chain instruments - Others

Offset rods
3m length Provided with notch or hook at one end Two narrow slots passing thru center of c/s

Plasterers laths
Mark intermediate points Half to one mt long made of soft wood

Whites are used for temporary marking of contours Plumb bob

Transfer points to ground in sloping area Make ranging pole vertical Centering aid in theodolites, compass, plane table

Chain instruments - Others

Offset rods
3m length Provided with notch or hook at one end Two narrow slots passing thru center of c/s

Plasterers laths
Mark intermediate points Half to one mt long made of soft wood

Whites are used for temporary marking of contours Plumb bob

Transfer points to ground in sloping area Make ranging pole vertical Centering aid in theodolites, compass, plane table