Comp2513 Security and Authentication

Daniel L. Silver, Ph.D.

Objectives
To introduce the basics E-Commerce security issues and web entity authentication Reference: Deital Ch. 7

2001

Daniel L. Silver

Outline
Why is security such an issue? Physical security IT Security Basics Firewalls Public Key Cryptography SSL Secure Socket Layer SET Secure Electronic Transactions

2001

Daniel L. Silver

Why is Security an Issue?

The Internet lets you travel outside of your network and others travel in Those travelers are not all friendly!! Critical and private information can be snooped - sniffed Information can be deleted or destroyed The Internet provides an opportunity for anonymous and rapid theft of large quantities of money

2001 Daniel L. Silver 4

How many categories/classes of security invasions/breaches can you find?

User/password shoulder surfing Trojan horses Password breaking (various strategies) Denial of service attacks flood the server with requests Packet sniffing on net (wire tap, wireless recon.) Spoofing websites Dumpster diving garbage search
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2001

Five Major Requirements of a Secure Transaction

Privacy how to ensure information has not been captured by a third party Integrity how to ensure the information has not been altered in transit Authentication how to ensure the identity of the sender and receiver Authorization how to ensure a user has the authority to access / update information Non-repudiation how do you legally prove that a message was sent or received
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2001

Physical Security
Large mainframe systems have always had adequate physical security The transition from LAN to WAN to Internet has caused new interest in these methods Physical security means locked doors and security personnel Options are to host on a secure ISP/ASP (InternetHosting.com)

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IT Security Basics

Avoidance preventing a security breach

Using a firewall system to frontend your intranet (or LAN) to the Internet

Minimization early warning signals and action plans so as to reduce exposure

Attempted to access secure directories

Recovery - regular backups should be made and recovery periodically tested

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2001

Using a Firewall
A firewall server or router acts as an electronic security cop No machine other than firewall is directly accessible from Internet May also function as a proxy server allowing intranet systems to access only portions of the Internet Internet security methods are focused at the firewall reducing cost and admin overhead
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Security through HTTPS

Client 1 Browser Server A HTTP TCP/IP HTTP Server App. Server

Fire Wall Server

Server B

Server C
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IT Security Basics
Passwords (and potentially User Ids) should be forced to change periodically Passwords should be difficult to guess

Try to create passwords such as: To Be or Not To Be => 2bon2b

Databases should be secured in terms of access rights to data (usually by individual or group)
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2001

IT Security Basics
Software, particularly low layer components such as the operating system and DBMS, should be kept to recent patch levels Access from dial-in lines should be limited and if possible call-back systems can be used

2001

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Cryptography
Cryptogrpahy or ciphering is an ancient method of encoding a message - only a receiver with a key can decipher the content A single (symetric) secret key is used to encrypt and decrypt Requires the communication of the key between sender and receiver ???? Basis of nuclear war-head CAC security

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14-15-17-12 12-14-1-14-9-25-9-2-14 17-12 11-1-23-12-9

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Daniel L. Silver

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Public Key Cryptography

In 1976 Diffie and Hellman at Standford U. developed public-key cryptography Asymetric in nature:
Private key kept secret by owner Public key distributed freely to all who wish to send Generated by computer algorithm, so a mathematical relation exists between them ... however ... It is computationally difficult to determine the private key from the public key, even with knowledge of the encryption algorithm

2001

Daniel L. Silver

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Public Key Cryptography

The keys come in the form of tightly coupled pairs which anyone can generate using methods such as RSA, SHA-1, DSA (RSA is most common)
Javascript demo: http://shop-js.sourceforge.net/crypto2.htm

2001

There is only one public key corresponding to any one private key and vice versa Sender encodes data using public key of receiver Receiver decodes data using unique private key, no one else can do the same This ensures integrity of the data
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Authentication

How can you be sure that the person sending the encrypted data is who they say they are This requires some method of authenticating the identity of the sender The solution is for the sender to sign the data using his/her private key the data is encrypted using the senders private key The receiver validates (decrypts the data) the signature using the senders public key This will work as long as receiver can be sure the senders public key belongs to the sender and not an imposter enter PKI
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2001

Integrity and Authentication

Example: Consider a merchant wants to send a secure message to a customer:

Merchant encrypts message using customers public key Merchant then signs message by encrypting with their private key Customer decrypts using the merchants public key to prove authenticity of sender Customer decrypts using their private key to ensure integrity of message

2001

Daniel L. Silver

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PKI Public Key Infrastructure

Integrates PK cryptography with digital certificates and certificate authorities (CA) Digital certificate = issued by a CA, includes user name, public key, serial number, expiration date, signature of trusted CA (message encrypted by CAs private key) Receipt of a valid certificate is proof of identity can be checked at CAs sight www.verisign.com is major player
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2001

Model for Network Security

Trusted Third Party Authentication or Certificate Authority Information Channel

Sender Message

Receiver Message Secret Information

Secret Information Opponent

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Daniel L. Silver

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Security and HTTPS

Certificate is an entitys public key plus other identification (name, CA signature) SSL Secure Socket Layer

Lies between TCP/IP and HTTP and performs encryption

HTTPS is the HTTP protocol that employs SSL it uses a separate server port (default = 443)
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2001

Security through HTTPS

Client 1 Browser HTTP TCP/IP port = 80 Server A Bank Server Dedicated

HTTPS
port = 443

HTTP Server

App. Server

Database Server

URL

index.html

prog.jsp

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SSL Secure Socket Layer

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6.

Client makes HTTPS connection to server Server sends back SSL version and certificate Client checks if certificate from CA Client creates session premaster secret, encrypts it and sends it to server and creates master secret Server uses its private key to decrypt premaster secret and create the same master secret The master secret is used by both to create session keys for encryption and decryption
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2001

SET Secure Electronic Transfer

Developed by Visa & Mastercard Designed to protect E-Comm transactions SET uses digital certificates to authenticate customer, merchant and financial institution Merchants must have digital certificate and special SET software Customers must have digital certificate and SET e-Wallet software

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Major Architectural Components of the Web Bank

Server Client 1 Browser HTTP TCP/IP Internet Server A

Client 2
Browser

HTTP Server

App. Server

Database Server

URL
Server B
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index.html

prog.jsp

Bank Server
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Resources / References

RSA demos:
http://cisnet.baruch.cuny.edu/holowczak/classes/9444/rsademo/ http://islab.oregonstate.edu/koc/ece575/02Project/Mor/

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THE END
danny.silver@acadiau.ca