Logistics in SCM

An Insight

Supply Chain
Material Handling Networks

Customer Warehouse

Manufacture Supplier
Materials

Customer
Customer Customer

Assembly
Components

Manufacture Supplier
Inter-facility Transport

Warehouse
Finished Goods

Assembly

Manufacture

Warehouse
Transportation Networks

Customer Customer

Transportation Networks

Supply Chain is the collection of all components and functions associated with the creation and ultimate delivery of a product or service

Logistics

Logistics is the collection of activities associated with

acquiring, moving, storing and delivering supply chain commodities

It encompasses the business functions of transportation,

distribution, warehousing, material handling, and inventory management and interfaces closely with manufacturing & marketing.

Business Segments and Government Functions

Manufacturing
Service Companies Public Transportation Petroleum Pipelines Logistics Food Producers & Distributors Military Transportation Carriers Utilities Postal Delivery

Retailing Firms

Significance of Logistics
High costs involved in operating a Supply-Chain

Estimated total logistics costs in USA is 797 Billion $ in 1996 of

which 451 Billion $ was on Transport. Roughly 11% of US GDP.
US Spending
900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Social Security Health Serv ices Defense Logistics

Billion USD

A rea of Spending

Significance of Logistics -

Contd...

Costs as % of Sales turnover

Transport Cost

Warehouse/Depot Cost

Inventory Investment/Holding Cost

Administration Cost

Overall Distribution Cost

Main company business

% 3.2 1.36 2.53 8.16 .37 25.2 2.07 9.41 .45 .65 .96 7.23 .38 3.14

% 10.7 9.77 2.71 2.82 .27 9.1 6.35 2.45 .1 .78 1.08 1.95 1.31 3.73

% .87 .66 .44 .56 .07 7.1 1.53 .02 .29 .09 1.21 .2 .33 .85

% .19 2.19 .1 4.6

Office Equipment Health supplies Soft Drinks Beer Spirits Distribution Cement Automotive parts Gas Supply Computer Maintenance Computer Supply Healthcare Specialist Chemicals Fashion Food Packaging

.05

% 14.77 11.98 5.68 13.74 .81 46.00 9.96 11.98 .88 1.52 3.25 9.87 2.02 7.72

.49

Logistics -

Other Influencing Factors

Deregulation - Shift towards a free market industry Global Markets - Business marketplace is getting global in scope Customer Service - Above factors aid for better customer service Environment - Current and future environmental regulations have
significant implications on logistics

Technology - Accelerating advances in technology significantly change

and improve logistics operations.

Logistics Modeling

Key Questions faced in SCM

Where to produce & assemble goods? How much to produce? When to produce? Where to store finished goods? Where to store spare parts? How much to store? How to retrieve from storage?

Customer

Manufacture

Warehouse
What markets to serve? What level of service? What level of service cost?

Customer Customer

Supplier
Where to acquire materials & components?

Manufacture

Warehouse Customer

What fleet size? What vehicle routes? What shipment routes?

How much to ship? When to ship? What modes of transportation?

Five Fundamental Characteristics

Multiple business functions are impacted

- Like Product Costing, Budgets, Inventory Etc.

Tradeoffs among conflicting objectives

- Logistics dept. holds the key in deciding where to compromise.

Impacts are difficult to precisely evaluate

- A system/process should be in place to evaluate the impact

Business issues unique to each logistics system

Quantitative analysis is essential for intelligent decisions
- Use of technology/decision support tools

Elements of Modeling
Rationalization Linear/Integer Programming Algorithms Logistics Strategy Object-Oriented Data Models Movement Requirement Data Simulation Human Judgement Database Software Client/Server Architecture

Spreadsheets

Heuristics

Transportation Asset Data Visual Graphical User Interfaces

Supply Chain Infrastructure Data

Strategic, Tactical & Operational Models Activity-Based Costing

Modeling Languages

Evaluation & Benchmarking

Geographic Information Systems

Data Aggregation & Hierarchical Models

Each of these concepts or tools contribute to the logistics analysis process.

Logistics Strategies
Provide a framework for the type and scope of specific logistics decisions Choosing the right strategy is more significant (from a financial or customer
service standpoint) than optimizing specific lower-level decisions
Ship to a customer from a single warehouse? Ship to a customer from multiple warehouses?

Specify Logistics Strategy

Answer specific logistics questions

Which warehouse should supply a customer?

At one level companies must choose smart logistics strategies, implying specific logistics questions to answer.

Logistics Strategies - Details...

Logistics Strategies includes the business goals, requirements, allowable decisions, tactics, and vision for designing and operating a logistics system.

Shipment Planning

Vehicle Routing & Scheduling

Supply Chain Planning Transportation Systems Planning Warehousing

General classes of applications in logistics modeling

Logistic Strategies Details..

(contd..)

General scope and properties of strategic, tactical, and operational model views.

Strategic

Supply chain design Resource acquisition Broad scope, highly aggregated data Long-term planning horizons (1 year +)

Tactical

Production/distribution planning Resource allocation Medium-term planning horizons (monthly, quarterly)

Shipment routing & scheduling Resource routing & scheduling Narrow scope, detailed data Short-term planning horizons (daily, real-time)

Operational

Logistic Strategies Details..

Supply Chain Planning Strategic Transportation Shipment Planning Planning Outsourcing

(contd..)
Vehicle Routing

Site Location Site Location Capacity Sizing Sourcing Production Planning Routing Strategy Network Alignment

Warehousing Warehouse Fleet Sizing Layout Material Handling Design

Fleet Sizing

Bid Analysis Fleet Sizing Consolidation Routing Strategy Strategy Mode Strategy Shipment Dispatching Zone Alignment

Tactical

Storage Allocation Order Picking Strategies

MRP, DRP, Operational ERP

Load Matching

Vehicle Dispatching Order Picking

Logistics application areas by modeling views

Possible Strategies

Just-in-Time Freight Consolidation Integration of Inbound & Distribution Fixed & Variable Routes DC Consolidation & Decentralizing DCs Hired Fleet & Private Fleet Fleet/Carrier Routing Material Sourcing

Just-in-Time Logistics
Inventory Costs leaner supply chain reduced inventory levels reduced inventory costs

JIT

Transportation & Service Costs smaller and more frequent shipments increased transportation costs much greater service required from suppliers and the transportation system

E.g.: Made to order Cars, Boilers, Power Plants (Rolls Royce, Alsthom, Wartsila Diesel)

JIT is a shift in thinking from inventory levels to inventory velocity or turns. For a specified time period, the turn rate for a product is calculated by dividing total throughput by the average inventory level.

Freight Consolidation -

Routing

Shipments in the logistics system can be routed and scheduled independently of each other or can be combined to try and achieve transportation economies-of-scale.

Shipments

Vehicle Routes

Vehicle routing: Individual shipments can be combined to share a transportation asset making pickup or delivery stops at different facilities. This type of consolidation is called multi-stop vehicle routing
E.g.: Courier collection (DHL, FedEx...)

Freight Consolidation -

Pooling & Scheduling

Pooling: Individual shipments can be brought to a central location or pooled, creating large shipments suitable for economy-of-scale transportation modes such as truckload or rail carload
E.g.: Home Delivery of Pizza, Consumable or Provisions

Individual Shipments

Pooled Shipments

Scheduling: Sometimes shipment schedules can be adjusted forward or backward in time so they can be combined with other shipments.
E.g.: Courier collection (UPS, FedEx) (Present Wipro Chennai Bus routes)

Integration of Inbound & Distribution Logistics

D D P D D P

P D

P D

Integrating separate pickup and delivery routes into combined routes.

E.g.: Bulk movement of Cargo/Parcels in Ships/Flights (Maersk, UPS..)

Fixed/Master Routes & Variable/Dynamic Routes

Service & Control Costs Regular routes are easier to manage Drivers develop familiarity with customers and territories
E.g.: Collection & Distribution of Govt. diary supply. (Aavin)

Fixed/Variable Transportation costs Routes

Increased utilization of transportation assets.

E.g.: Courier/Food Delivery ( UPS, Pizza Corner)

Distribution Center Consolidation Vs. Decentralization

Customers can be served from smaller, regional distribution centers or from larger, centralized distribution centers.

Decentralized

Consolidated

Inventory & Facility Costs Reduced facility costs It may be possible to reduce inventory while maintaining equivalent customer service

DC
Consolidation

Transportation & Service Costs Lower volume outbound lanes Increased transportation costs Products further from customers Increased service costs
E.g.: Oil Producers (ADNOC)

E.g.: Retail consumer goods. (HLL, Palmolive)

Private Fleet Vs. For-Hire Fleet

Private Fleet

More control over costs & service. But Increased maintenance costs & labor charges
E.g.: Baskin & Robbins, USPost...

For-Hire Fleet

Better service Lesser overheads Can negotiate/offer discounts

E.g.: Hyundai, Ford, L&T etc.

Continuos Move Routing

Deadhead

Truckload Shipments

Continuous move route

Continuous Move Routing:

Combine separate trips to increase vehicle utilization Trucking companies offer discounts Drivers and tractors are highly utilized
E.g.: Domestic LTL carriers

Single & Split Sourcing

Product A Warehouse #1 Warehouse #1 Customer Product B Warehouse #2 Product A

Customer Product A Warehouse #2

Split sourcing - same product

Split sourcing - multiple products

Single Sourcing is satisfying all product demand at a location from one supplier.
E.g.: Exclusive Showrooms like Nike, Sony.

Split Sourcing refers to shipping the same product or multiple products from different
origins. E.g.: Super Market Chains (Walmart, Sainsbury...)

Transportation Mode Selection

Overnight Package Parcel Less-than-Truckload (LTL) Truckload (TL) Railcar Load (CL)
Each mode offers different cost and service advantages and disadvantages

Transportation Mode Selection Larger Shipments Slower

Contd..

Shipment Size

Smaller Shipments

Speed

Faster

Ship

Intermodal

Rail

Truckload

LTL

Parcel

Air Premium

Less Expensive

More Expensive

Transportation Cost
Slower More Expensive

Service Cost Inventory Cost

Faster Less Expensive

Transportation mode impacts the inventory in three different ways.

Impacts of Transportation of Mode

Slower modes create more in-transit or pipeline inventory.

Larger shipment sizes may create order quantity inventory, which

arises if the batch shipment size is more than the amount of current demand.

Slower transportation modes may raise safety stock inventories

needed to protect uncertainties in supply and demand. Smaller shipments via faster modes reduces all three type of inventories, but associated transportation costs increase

Mode/Carrier selection decision process.

Problem recognition
Customer requirements, dissatisfaction with existing mode/carrier, changes in distribution patters of the firm

Search Process
Transportation executives scan various sources to aid decision making. Sources are experience, carrier records, customers

Post Choice Evaluation

Choice process

Evaluate performance level through cost studies, audit, on-time pickup & delivery performance

choosing the best option which satisfy customer service requirements at acceptable cost

Evaluating Alternatives

Process of simulating a model and analyzing the

attractiveness of that supply chain configuration.

Its an iterative process. It is composed of Evaluate, Benchmark, and

Rationalize steps each geared towards answering particular analysis questions.

Evaluating Alternatives
What is a logical configuration of the supply chain & transportation infrastructure?

contd...

Does this alternative make sense?

What are the potential movement requirements?

Generate Alternative Existing Logistics System Evaluate Alternative How does the supply chain operate? What are the service measures and costs?

Are there opportunities to improve Rationalize Alternative

Benchmark Alternative

How does the supply chain performan compare to industry standards or to a theoretical optimum?

Evaluating Alternatives - Costing

Purchase $ + Transit $ + Manufacture $ + Assembly $ + Transit $ + Inventory $ + Transit $ + Inventory $ Inventory $ Inventory $ Inventory $ Handling $ Inventory $ Handling $ Handling $ = Landed $

Customer

Manufacture

Warehouse Customer

Supplier

Assemble Customer Manufacture Warehouse Customer

The cost to deliver a unit of product to the customer is the landed customer cost. The cost to get a product to two different customers is almost always different. E.g.:
Automobile (Hyundai Cars)

10-20% of the product price is the transportation cost.

Benchmarking & Rationalization

Benchmarking is comparing the performance of a

logistics supply chain to organizational or industry standards or to some theoretical ideal.

The Rationalize step is the interpretation of the

Evaluation and Benchmark results, and the justification of the logistics supply chain configuration.

Generating Alternatives
This phase includes any change to the logistics strategy, supply chain infrastructure, transportation infrastructure, movement requirements, or the relevant operating parameters. The 4 fundamental ways to generate alternatives:

Existing system: If logistics supply chain already exists, then the first
alternative analyzed is the current system, and the analysis proceeds directly to the Evaluating Alternatives phase.

Specified: Specific strategic plan that the organizations management

had specified and would like to evaluate.

Automatic: Computer Generated Automatic Alternative using

mathematical optimization, heuristics, rules, etc.

Interactive: The alternative could be generated interactively, in an

exploratory or what-if style.

Evolution of Decision Support Tools

Logistics Modeling Languages, Visual object-oriented interfaces, Client/Server Architecture PCs, Spreadsheets, Interactive graphical optimization Large scale Mainframe black-box models

Introduction of High Level languages Development of Network optimization Development of Operations Research

1940s
fifty years.

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

The evolution of logistics decision support tools and architecture over the past

Logistics Objects - For a Object Oriented Computerized Model

Basic Families:

Supply Chain Infrastructure (Includes physical sites like

suppliers, plants, DCs etc)

Movement Requirements (includes information like what,

when and how to move)

Transportation Network (includes physical components

of the transportation network)

Class Hierarchies
Hierarchical organization of logistics objects of a manufacturing firm
Logistics Supply Chain

Supply Chain Infrastructure

Movement Requirements

Transportation Network

Inbound Network

Distribution Network

Transportation Assets

Transportation Infrastructure

Vendors

Plants

DCs

Customers

Products

Equipment

Drivers

Roads

Depots

Higher-level views of a logistics system are found at the top of the hierarchy - one can drill down through the hierarchy for more focused views.

Logistics Decision Support System - 1

Why?

The scope and complexity of logistics systems/models necessitate the use of computer based decision support systems

Types?

Custom Built for unique situations and Off-the-Shelf systems for more generic use

Logistics Decision Support System - 2

Can be tailored to unique situations Takes long time to built Expensive Difficult to change later Does not fit to the unique logistics issues Readily available and Easy to implement Less Expensive

Custom-Built
E.g. Nike

Off-the-Shelf
E.g.Manhattan Associates, i2, Etc.

Custom & Off-the-Shelf Combined

Successful approach Flexible Cost-effective High productivity

Logistics Modeling - Summary

Logistics modeling is an ongoing process and should iterate between planning and operations.

Planning Logistics Modeling Monitoring

Implementation

Operations

Suitable for Logistics Business decisions spanning a range from planning to operations. Planning includes all of the analysis, and design. Operations refer to the actual management and execution of logistics supply-chain.

Distribution:

Tactical & Operational Techniques

The Management of People

The Management of Assets

The Management of Money

Management of People - 1

Recruitment or Contracting

Training

Compensation & Incentives

Management of People - 2
Driver training
- Safety - Technology - Computer, communication devices - Maintenance - preventive - annual/routine - Government rules & regulations (traffics/law etc)

Driver Benefits
- ATM - Cab CARD - Email from drivers cab unit- messaging - payroll access - Prepaid phone card - family touch - Cash advances

Driver efficiency tracking

- Fuel consumption - Accident frequency - Timely delivery - Use of computers- analysis based on historical drivers data - Real time feedback to drivers online - retaining good drivers

Best Drive r

Management of People - 3
Investigate the temporary staff agencies - (Need not be just the
cheap-set)

Check with other companies about the best agencies and why Key points to be clarified from the agencies are
How are drivers selected? How often are the licenses checked? Are the drivers examined for their understanding of legislation? Are Drivers employment histories and references checked? Are drivers full-time employees of the agency Training provided for their employees?

Ensure the rates of payment are agreed for a given period

Management of Assets

Fleet Utilization

Management of Assets

Vehicle Capacity

Vehicle Utilization

Vehicle Utilization

For calculating Vehicle Utilization & Performance, the

following fixed cost is included:- Depreciation - Insurance - Licenses (Vehicle excise duty & operators license)

Vehicle Capacity

Products carried in most situations are constrained by either volume

or weight.

When the goods are heavy.

Unladen weight should be reduced as much as possible

Available payload should be increased to the maximum within the legal permissible limits.

When the goods are huge (by volume).

Weight or payload doesnt carry any importance
Visual measurement by loaders is expressed as percentage Despite difficulties with this visual approach some measure of capacity utilization should be attempted

Fleet Utilization

Fleet Utilization
- Load Utilization

- Time Utilization

Fleet Utilization - Load

Evaluate continuously the carrying capacity, for

significant over/under use of capacity on a regular basis, by plotting on a straight line graph.
Load Utilization
200
Tonnes

150 100 50 0
10-Jan12-Jan14-Jan16-Jan18-Jan20-Jan22-Jan24-Jan26-Jan-

Actual Payload Available Payload

Date

Fleet Utilization - Time

Time Utilization:Actuals Hours Available Hours

44Hrs 13 mins 55 Hrs

Time Utilization

=80%

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1

Actual Hours

44.13

45.4 42.5 40 43.4

40.59

12.45

4
Fleet

Vehicle Maintenance

Preventive Maintenance

MAERSK

Condition Monitoring

Breakdown Maintenance

Condition Monitoring

Exhaust Emission Trip meter / Fuel Consumption

Noise / Heat levels

Engine Condition Braking Systems
MAERSK

Preventive Maintenance

Overhauling
- Lubrication - Changing of worn-out spares - Refilling Brake and Engine oils

Tyre Pressure

Breakdown Maintenance

Damage Assessment Replacing of damaged spares

Trial Run

Maintenance Management
Service History (E.g..: When & What service was done?) Maintenance Schedule Reports (E.g..: When & What part to maintain?) Spares Stock Inquiry / Reports (E.g..: How many axles?) Supplier Info & PO Generation (E.g..: Where is XY Supplier, Buy 2 Tires?) Vehicle License Renewal (E.g..: Truck TR34 license to be renewed today) Insurance lapse reports, etc. (E.g..: TR12 Insurance elapsed by 12 days) Vehicle Cost Analysis / Driver Cost Analysis Reports to Govt. Fleet costs

Money Management

Zero Based Budgets

Normal budgets are just an incremental increase of the previous years budgets. But Zero-based budgets are prepared as if it never existed before and is being planned for the first time (hence the name zero).

Useful when cost effectiveness is in question

Each element of the operating budget must be analyzed It highlights areas of improvement

Operations need a fresh look

Money Management - Costing

Why?
- The yearly financial (Profit & Loss) statement is too late for the management to act upon the increasing operational costs.
E.g.: Sudden increase in fuel consumption or vehicle pay-load being unutilized to its fullest capacity.

- The yearly statement doesnt detail upon the financial health of each and every operation which could be vital for controlling costs. - Helps in pricing the product or service (by including the transportation cost)

The 3 important aspects of an efficient costing system:

- To know, very quickly, that something is wrong; - To be able to identify where the problem lies; - To be able to take some form of remedial action and solve the problem;

Costing - Types
Aspects of Costing:
- The recording of actual costs and performance in order to monitor and

control the transport operation.

- The measuring of costs to identify the amount to allow to cover costs and to budget for a job.

Types of transport resources that need to be considered are:- Men - Machinery

- Materials
- Money, and - Minutes

Costing - Common Terminology

Cost Unit
E.g.: Cost per mile run, Cost per carton delivered

Cost Center
Direct Costs

E.g.: A lorry, A driver, A depot

E.g.: Fuel, Road License, Insurance

Indirect Costs
Fixed Costs

E.g.: Office staff wages, Telephone charges, advertising

E.g.: Cost of the vehicle, Vehicle excise duty, Vehicle Insurance

Variable Costs

E.g.: Fuel, Oil

Costing - Vehicle Standing Costs

Vehicle Standing Costs includes
- the cost of the vehicle i.e. by calculating depreciation - Vehicle excise duty - Operators License - Drivers License - Vehicle Insurance (though varying, this is considered as part of the vehicle standing costs)
Cost
($000)

Cost
($000)

15 10 5 1 2 3 4 5 Depreciation - Straight Line Method Time

(Years)

15 10 5

Maintenance

Depreciation 1 2 3 4 5 Depreciation - Reducing Balance Method Time

(Years)

Costing - Vehicle Running Costs

Variable costs vary with the level of activity or output.

Vehicle Running Costs includes

- Fuel - Oil & Lubricants - Tyre wear - Drivers overtime, subsistence & other expenses - Repairs and Maintenance (Labor, Spare parts, Garage, Workshop)

Costing - Overhead Costs

Overhead costs are the indirect costs which do not directly relate to
a particular vehicle, but to the whole fleet of vehicles.

Overhead Costs includes

- Fleet Overheads
(E.g.: Maintenance Labors, Spare trucks, Backup Drivers etc..) These are apportioned by taking the total cost over a period of time (eg. A year) and then dividing by the number of vehicles in the fleet.

- Business Overheads
(E.g.: Salaries and wages of Managers & Schedulers, Cars, telephone, fax, rent etc..)

Company administrative overheads are those costs that are central to the running of business. It has to be apportioned between all the different company departments.

Costing - Whole Life Costing

Whole Life Costing is assessing the cost of owning and operating an
asset. This type of costing is widely used nowadays in identifying the true cost of vehicle.

Major cost element includes

- Initial purchase price of Vehicle PLUS - the total operating costs incurred during its life time LESS - the achieved/guaranteed residual value of the vehicle.
Useful when companies replace vehicles frequently. Helps in comparing between different makes of trucks performance and how different engine configurations and drive-train perform.

Costing - Vehicle Cost Comparisons

The relative importance of different elements of vehicle costs is
considered vital. It is also important that these comparative relationships may change according to the type and size of vehicle. E.g.: The following is the comparison between a large articulated (38 Ton) and a smaller 7.5 ton vehicle.

7.5 Ton Vehicle 38 Ton Vehicle

Depreciation Driver Running - Fuel, Oil, Tyres - Repairs and Maintenance License / Insurance } Overheads } 15% 40% 20% 10% 25% 35%

25%

30%

Costing - An example
Costing the operation is done by calculating fixed costs (no. of vehicles
used) and variable costs (mileage traveled by the fleet).
Vehicle costs (Calculated on a daily basis): 2 rigid vehicles @ $75 per day 634KMs @ 20 cents per KM
3 articulated vehicles @ $146 per day 662KMs @ 31 cents per KM Total cost per day Annual Cost ($920 * 240days) Cost per case delivered Cost per kilometer ($920/9863 cases) ($920/1296KMs) $150 $127 $438 $205 $920 $220,800 9.3 cents / case 71.0 cents / km

Vehicle Utilization: Time Utilization actual hrs / available hrs Load Utilization actual cases / max cases

44hrs 13min / 55 hrs 9863 cases / 11200 cases

80% 88%

Transportation Regulation

Transportation Regulation - Categories

Since transportation has a major impact on both domestic and international
commerce, Govts. have often taken special interest in both controlling and promoting transportation activities.

Categories of Transportation Regulation:

- Economic Regulation of Business Practices, and - Safety and Social Regulation

Economic Regulation
Economic Regulation

Entry Regulation

Rate Regulation

Service Regulation

Economic Regulation

Contd..

Entry Regulation
- Controls the Carrier entry and also the markets served by the carriers. - Dictates the region and origin-destination combinations served by each carrier. - Attempts to reduce the cutthroat competitive characteristics in larger markets while safeguarding the service levels of smaller markets. - Its counterparts are exit limitations i.e. a carriers ability to leave a market if it would result in a substantial reduction in service.

Smaller Markets

Economic Regulation

Contd..

Rate Regulation (US Specific)

- Focuses on rate related practices - Specific considerations include rate making, rate changes,rate subsidies and actual rates - Before deregulation, any rate changes, discounts were to be justified before the Interstate commerce commission. - Rate subsidies assist one segment of carrier operation by allowing higher rates on a different segment.

Economic Regulation

Contd..

Service Regulation regulates

- Loading and Unloading - Loss & Damage liability - Shipment status & Invoicing

Not much of regulation in this area now as the industry is

becoming more and more open.

Safety & Social Regulation

Regulates
- Transport & Handling of Hazardous material - Labor work hours & Wages - Vehicle Safety - Pollution and Environmental issues raising due to vehicular traffic. - Projecting and abnormal Loads - Noise emissions - Speed Limits

Overtime?

Brainstorming Session

What is Reverse Logistics?

- Its mainly the handling of returned goods from the customer - Packaging material, scrap are also handled now which are also recycled, easing the environmental pollution. - Efficient Management of reverse logistics impacts a companys bottom line as well as its customer relations. - Refurbishing, Reuse and transportation play a major role. - Ebay sells returned goods over the net in an auction format. (Saleable & non-saleable segregation, use of barcode for mass returns)

Returned Goods
Manufacturer / DC

Goods
Customer

How is the price of some consumer goods (Toiletries)

maintained constant irrespective of their distance from manufacturing location?

Some benefits of J-I-T Logistics?

Rate the a) time efficiency, b) fuel-efficiency and c) service

efficiency in the following 3 plans. Scale: Best, Good, Bad
D D D D P P P D D D D P P

If your fleets running(utilized) time was 48hrs against the

actual (available time) 60hrs? What was the percent of utilization of that particular fleet?

Major difference between TL & LTL..

The two most common modes in multi-modal shipments...

Thank you