Content
Learning Attitudes & values
Job satisfaction
I. Learning
Contents
Introduction & objectives Components of learning Theories of learning
Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Differences Cognitive theory Social learning theory
Principles of reinforcement
Positive Negative Extinction
Objectives
What is learning? Components of learning Determinants of learning Theories of learning Classical conditioning / operant conditioning Cognitive theory Principles of reinforcement Schedule of reinforcements Limitations of behaviour modifications Learning curves
Definitions
Stephen Robbins learning is any relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience. Steers & porter learning can be defined as relatively permanent change in behaviour potentiality that results from reinforced practice or experience.
Components of learning
Learning leads to change good / bad Change must be relatively permanent and if not it cant be considered as a learning Change in behaviour thro experience which also added impact on attitude or process much be considered. If due to diseases it will not be. Some form of learning in necessary for learning and it may be direct or indirect experiences.
Determinants of learning
Motive Stimuli Generalisation Discrimination Responses Reinforcement Retention
Theories of learning
Classical conditioning theory Operant conditioning theory Cognitive learning theory Social learning theory
Classical conditioning
is modifying behaviour so that a conditioned stimulus along with unconditioned stimulus is paired to elicit an unconditioned behaviour. Classical conditioning introduces simple cause effect relationship between one stimuli & response. Russian Psychologist Pavlovs experiment
Unconditional stimulus
Unconditional response
conditional stimulus
Conditional response
Limitations
Human beings are more complex than dogs and less amenable to cause effect conditioning Behavioural envt in organisations is also complex The nature of - complexive human decision making process makes it possible to override simple conditioning
Operant conditioning
B.F.Skinner (Harvard psychologist) - in operant conditioning induces a voluntary change in behaviour and learning occur as a consequence of such change and also known as reinforcement theory. Thus behaviour can be controlled by manipulating its consequences. It is built on the following two principles.
The behaviour that results in positive rewards tend to be repeated and behaviour with negative consequences tend not to be repeated. Based upon such consequences , the behaviour can be predicted and controlled.
Classical conditioning A change in stimulus elicits a particular response. The strength and frequency of classically conditioned behaviour are mainly by the frequency of eliciting stimulus. Responses are fixed to stimulus
Operant conditioning Stimulus serves as a cue for a person to emit the response The strength and frequency of operant conditioned behaviour are mainly by the consequences. Responses are variable both in type/ degree.
Cognitive theory
Learning is considered as the outcome of deliberate thinking about the problem or situation both intuitively and based upon known facts and responding in an objective and goal oriented manner. It is act of knowing an item of information and this knowledge affects the behaviour of the person so that the information provides cognitive cues towards the expected goals.
Principles of reinforcement
4 basic reinforcement strategies Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Punishment Extinction
Schedules of reinforcement
Continuous reinforcement schedule Partial reinforcement schedule
Fixed interval schedule Variable interval schedule Fixed ratio schedules Variable ratio schedules
Learning curves
Learning curves
Diminishing returns Increasing returns Increasing decreasing
Contents
Meaning of attitude Characteristics of attitudes Functions of attitude Formation of attitudes Values
Types of values Values and behaviour Values & ethics Values & attitudes Difference between attitude & value
Meaning of attitude
is defined as a more of less stable set of predisposition of opinion, interest or propose involving expectancy of a certain kind of experience and a readiness with an appropriate response. They are known as frames of response It is also a cognitive element and remains in person Every body has limited no of attitudes These attitudes are indicative of apathy or enthusiasm.
Characteristic of attitude
It predisposes the evaluation of certain objects in favourable and unfavourable manner. Attitudes are firmly embedded in a complex psychological structure of beliefs Attitudes are different from values as they are narrow, our feelings, thoughts and behavioural tendencies towards objects or situations It is predisposition to respond to a certain set of facts They are evaluative statements
Functions of attitude
It Determines meaning It Reconcile contradictions It organises facts It selects facts
Formation of attitude
Direct experience with the object Classical conditioning and attitudes Operent conditioning and attitudes Vicarious learning Family and peer groups Economic status and occupations
Values
It is an enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally and socially preferable to the alternative modes of conduct or end states of existence
Types of values
Instrumental value Terminal value Other classifications are
Theoretical Economic Aesthetic Social Political religious
Differences
Attitude
It exhibit predisposition to respond
It refer to several beliefs relating to specific objects or situation They are ones personal experiences
Value
It represent judgmental ideas like what is right
It represent single belief focused on objects and situations They are derived from social and cultural mores.
III. Personality
Personality
Characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.
Four major perspectives on Personality
Psychoanalytic - unconscious motivations Trait - specific dimensions of personality Humanistic - inner capacity for growth Social-Cognitive - influence of environment
Psychoanalytic Perspective
first comprehensive theory of personality
University of Vienna 1873 Voracious Reader Medical School Graduate
(1856-1939)
Specialized in Nervous Disorders Some patients disorders had no physical cause!
The Unconscious
the mind is like an iceburg - mostly hidden Conscious Awareness small part above surface (Preconscious) Unconscious below the surface (thoughts, feelings, wishes, memories)
Repression
Ego
Id
Psychosexual Stages
Oral (0-18 mos) - centered on the mouth Anal (18-36 mos) - focus on bowel/bladder elim. Phallic (3-6 yrs) - focus on genitals/Oedipus Complex (Identification & Gender Identity) Latency (6-puberty) - sexuality is dormant Genital (puberty on) - sexual feelings toward others
Trait Perspective
No hidden personality dynamics just basic personality dimensions
How do we describe & classify different personalities? (Type A vs Type B or Depressed vs Cheerful?)
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - classify people based upon responses to 126 questions
Extraversion
Openness
Imaginative/Practical Independent/Conforming
Soft-Hearted/Ruthless Trusting/Suspicious Organized/Disorganized Careful/Careless
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Introversion
Interest Orientation
Sensing
iNtuition
Perception
Thinking
Feeling
Judgment
Judgment
Perception
Environment Orientation
ISTJ
Take Your Time and Do It Right
ISFJ
On My Honor, to Do My Duty
INFJ
Catalyst for Positive Change
INTJ
Competence + Independence = Perfection
ISTP
Doing the Best I Can With What Ive Got
ISFP
Its the Thought That Counts
INFP
Still Waters Run Deep
INTP
Ingenious Problem Solvers
ESTP
Lets Get Busy!
ESFP
Dont Worry, Be Happy
ENFP
Anythings Possible
ENTP
Lifes Entrepreneurs
ESTJ
ESFJ
ENFJ
The Public Relations Specialist
ENTJ
Everythings Fine Im in Charge
Healthy rather than Sick Individual as greater than the sum of test scores
Esteem
Love Needs
Safety
Physiological
Given the right environmental conditions, we will develop to our full potentials
? ?
X
Personal Control
Internal Locus of Control You pretty much control your own destiny
External Locus of Control Luck, fate and/or powerful others control your destiny
Methods of Study Correlate feelings of control with behavior Experiment by raising/lowering peoples sense of control and noting effects
IV. Perception
Contents
Introduction Factors influencing perceptual process Perceptual grouping Stimuli selection Barriers to perceptual accuracy Honing perceptual skills
Introduction
The process of receiving stimuli the organising process The process of selecting stimuli The process of interpreting The process of checking The process of reacting
Perceptual grouping
Continuity Closure Proximity Similarity
Perceptual selectivity
It is believed that our senses are activated only by certain type of stimuli so that some stimuli may go unnoticed if these are not strong bright or loud enough to activate our senses If relates to our ability to turn out certain stimuli to which we have been consciously exposed is known as sensory adaptation
Stimuli selection
External factors Size Intensity Contrast Repetition Movement Novelty and familarity order Internal factors Learning and perception motivation & perception
Being emphatic Having positive attitudes Enhance good self image Avoiding common biases in perception Avoiding attributions
JOHARI window
The public area what is known us and others is the public area The blind area I am blind to the fact that I come across to others in a negative way The private & secret area I know something myself, which nobody else is aware and I would like to keep it, undisclosed, a secret. The unknown area & dark area there may be aspect of me which I am unaware of and others do not know either.
Reference
Stephen Robbins, text book of OB, 7th edition. Ashwathappa, text book of OB, 3rd edition. Ren Stinson, University of Iowa,web based MBTI article. Jacqueline N. Hood, Understanding management styles, Anderson School of Management, University of New Mexico. Marcia Bench, MBTI assessment & career coaching, MCCC. Fisher ,Schoefeldt & Shaw, text book of Human resource management, 6th edn, chapter 11. Management, 40130, motivation theories, web based article. Job satisfaction, www.owlnet.rice.edu/.../psyc_231_ch09_job%20satisfaction.ppt Job evaluation,www.businessfaculty.utoledo.edu/ddwyer/HURM4650/.../jobeval.p pt