Chapter 5

Introduction to Telecommunications

Applications of Telecommunications
Business Telecommunications Telecommunications Architectures Electronic communications system
Electronic mail Voice mail Bulletin Board systems Videotex Fascimile Public Information Service

OBrien 121

Centralized Distributed Client/server Interorganizational Global

Electronic meeting systems

Desktop Video conferencing Decision room conferencing Computer conferencing Teleconferencing

Business process systems

Online transaction processing Inquiry/Response EDI / XML Electronic Funds Transfer Activity monitoring Process control Telecommuting

Trends
Industry trends

OBrien 122 - 124

Towards a greater number of competitive vendors, carriers, alliances and telecommunications network services.

Technology trends Towards open and interconnected local and global digital networks for voice, data and video, using high-speed fiber-optics and satellites.

Application Trends Towards a pervasive use of the internet and enterprise and interorganizational intranets, to support collaborative computing, online business operations and strategic advantage in local and global markets.

Technological Developments
General trend: Connect everybody to everybody else. Internet-network technologies
thousands new hardware- and software products web-browsers, HTML- editors, firewalls

Open systems: based on standards

connectivity of systems: middleware OSI, TCP/IP

Digital technologies
higher transmission speed larger information streams more efficient transmission method less errors

text: OBrien : p. 168

Internet Revolution

Explosive growth Terminology

WWW: E-mail: Usenet: IRC: FTP: Telnet: Other: inquiry sources of information via graphical browser software electronic mail place messages on bulletin board real time dialogs file transfer login on other systems telephone, video conferencing, ...

text: OBrien : p. 172

Telecommunication model

OBrien 125

Terminals
terminal, office equipment , telephones , ...

Telecommunications processors
modems, multiplexers, front-end processors, ...

Telecommunications channels and media

copper wires, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables, satellites, ...

Computers
host computers, front-end computers, network servers, ...

Telecommunications control software

telecommunication monitors, network operating systems, ...

Middleware

Interactive usage
Interactive usage : - increases considerably the productivity - requires communication networks Required transmission capacity depends on the application and on the user interface : - administrative input <1000 char/sec

- CAD/CAM millions char/sec

Physical location often crucial factor to decide on the type of connection between the computer and the workstation Standardization is an absolute must in this respect

Telecommunication Components
5 components

OBrien 126

Telecom Channels and Media Telecommunications software Telecom processors End-user workstation Telecom processors Computers

LAN
PC-workstation PC-workstation PC-workstation

OBrien 127 - 128

Databases and Software packages

Shared hard disk Network Server Shared printer PC-workstation PC-workstation PC-workstation Port to other networks

WAN - Internetwork
LANs
Mainframe, hosts

network in US network in Europe

LANs
Internet

Tymnet

network in Australia

Cisco corporation network

Client/server network
Company A
Router Internet Firewall

Intranet

Firewall Router

Company B

Intranet
Mainframe host system

text: OBrien p 178

Client - Server
Clients
comm. server

DB. server

Print server

CAD server

Clients
comm. server

DB. server

O.A. server

The Internetwork-enterprise
The Internet
Intranets Extranets

Enterprise

Intranets

Intranets

Client

Supplier

Intranets

Electronic Commerce
Other Organizations
text: OBrien p 180

Media and Channels

Signals
analog digital

Cables
Twisted-pair Coaxial cable Fiber-optic
1 fiber 30.000 phone calls 5.500 simultaneous phone calls

Medium Metal wire Microwave Fiber optics

interference 20x more expensive

Transmission speed .0012Mbps - 10 Mbps .256 Mbps - 100Mbps .5Mbps - 1,000Mbps

Wireless
microwave satellites

Radio, Infrared, Cellular Radio, Mobile computing GPS global positioning system
text: OBrien p183 - 186

Communication hardware

Modems 9.600 14.400 28.800 bps Transmission mode

Simplex Half-duplex
Full duplex 1 circuit , 1 direction 1 circuit, 2 directions, difficult co-ordination 2 circuits, 2 directions

Transmission accurateness
parity bits forward and backward error correction

Processors
multiplexers frequency, time or statistic time distribution front-end processors to handle routine communication tasks with peripheral equipment
text: OBrien p 187 - 189

Network Topology
Star
all communications go via the central system

Bus
can easily be extended at the ends

Ring
more secure

Star network
With direct connections

OBrien 147 - 148

Point-to-point lines

Efficient,alsoforhighspeeds Withalargenumberofworkstationscablingmightbeaproblem

Star network (multiplexed)

Accessvia multiplexed lines eventuallyrented

localspeedupto2000char/sec,1Mchar/secveryexpensive internationally1000char/seccommonlyavailable

Bus network
Sharedusageofa broadbandnetwork

Multidrop lines

morecomplexhardware simplercablingsystem
OBrien 191

Ring Networks

OBrien 147

Ring Network

moreequalbasis

Public data networks

PAD= PacketAssembler andDisassembler

DataNetwork

PAD E.g..:DCS10006000char/sec,cost/volumedata(X25) Duetohighconnectioncost($30.000year)usageofPAD

ISDN

ISDN Integratedservices Digitalnetwork

ISDN

universalnetworkfortelephoneanddata >6000char/sec

Open systems
Definition: Anopensystemisasystemwherethedesignhasnot beenmadebyasupplierbutbyanaccredited standardizationorganization(eg:ISO,IEEE,ANSI, CODASYL,...)

This provides the user a better independence from a specific hardware or software supplier and therefore a better guarantee for his investments. It allows the user to make always the most appropriate and optimal choice for each of the sub-systems . Open systems are not yet sufficiently available on the market. The best examples are UNIX and the OSI network model

The OSI model

Defined by ISO ( International Standard Organization ). OSI ( Open System Interconnect ) describes a framework to subdivide connection problems in networks into almost independent sub-problems .

e.g.:

presidentx interpreterx cryptography operator

diplomatic rules common language common key common channel physicallink

presidenty interpretery cryptography operator

TheTCP/IPandthe7layerOSI model
TCP/IP OSI
Application layer Communication services for end users Correct formatting and coding Support for session initiation Data transfers between nodes routing of connections Support for error-free data transfer physical access to communication media

Application- or process layer Host-to-host transport layer Internet-protocol IP network-interface Physical layer

Presentation layer Session layer Transport layer Network layer data link Physical layer

OBrien 193

OSI 7-Layer Model

7. Application (user application program) 6. Presentation (user interface / screen display )

OBrien 150

5. Session ( exchange between two nodes on the network ) 4. Transport ( protocol for encoding messages ) 3. Network ( mechanism for separating multiple messages ) 2. Link ( data encoding schemes ) 1. Physical ( wires, connectors , voltage )