4/15/2012 1 Classification of Amino Acid

4/15/2012
CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID
Dr. Suma S.S. Joshi Dept. of Panchakarma
4/15/2012
Introduction
Objective
Structure of AA
Various classification
Functions of individual AA
Daily requirement of AA
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Food sources
Ayurvedic concept
Research areas
Summary
Conclusion
Bibiliography
Proteins
are
the
most
abundant
&
functionally divers molecules in living systems

Display an incredible diversity of functions

Yet all share the common structural feature of
being linear polymers of Amino acids
Among 300, 20 are important

To know the various classification of amino acids
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A.
Amino acid classification based on the structure Classification of amino acids based on polarity Nutritional classification of amino acids
B.
C.
D.
Amino acid classification based on their

metabolic fate
CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID 8
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I. II. III. IV. V. VI.

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Amino acids with alphatic side chain Hydroxyl group containing amino acids Sulfur containing amino acids Acidic amino acids and their amides Basic amino acids Aromatic amino acids acids
VII.Imino
These acids
are
monoamino
monocarboxylic
This group contains- glycine, alanine, valine, leucine and isoleucine The last three amino acids contain
branched alphatic side chains, hence they

are referred as branched chain amino acids
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These are:- Serine, threonine and tyrosine

Tyrosine being aromatic in nature is usually
considered under aromatic amino acids
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Cysteine
and Methionine comes under this
group
Cysteine
Sulfahydryl group Sulfur-condensation of two molecules of Cystine
Methionine
with Thioether group

19
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Sulfahydryl group
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Disulfide
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with Thioether group
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Aspartic and glutamic acids are dicarboxylic monoamino acids.
While asparagine and glutamine are their respective amide derivatives
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In this lysine, arginine and histidine are

present
These are dibasic monocarboxylic acids

Are highly basic in character
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Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan

come under this category
Histidine may also be considered under this

category
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Proline containing pyrrolidine ring is an

unique amino acid.
It has an imino group(=NH), instead of an

amino group(- NH2)
Therefore, proline is an -amino acid
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Based on polarity these are classified into 4 groups as follows

1. 2. 3. 4.
Non-polar amino acids Polar amino acids Polar amino acids with +ve R group Polar amino acids with ve R grouop
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Essential or indispensable amino acidsH.VITTAL. LMP
Non-essential or dispensable amino acids

Semi-essential amino acids
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The Carbon skeleton of amino acids can serve as a precursor for the synthesis of glucose or fat or both.

Glycogenic amino acids Ketogenic amino acids Glycogenic and Ketogenic amino acids
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21st amino acid-Selenocysteine 22nd amino acid-Pyrrolysine
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Other than the standard 20amino acids, there are several biologically important amino acids

Amino acid derivatives found in the protein Non-protein amino acids performing specialized functions
D-amino acids
D-Penicillamine (D-dimethylglycine)-used in the chelation therapy of Wilsons disease
N-acetylcysteine-
cystic
fibrosis,
renal
insufficiency as an antioxidant
Gabapentin-as an anticonvulsant
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Non-essential, optically inactive, glycogenic

(precursor for glucose) amino acid
Specialised products like heme, purines,

creatine etc
Most abundant and excreted into urine(0.51.0 g/g creatine)
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Synthesis
compounds-
of
biologically
important
Epinephrine,
norepinephrine,
dopamine (catecholamine),thyroid hormones

and the pigment melanin
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It is a precursor for the synthesis of important

compounds namely NAD+ and
NADP+(coenzymes of Niacin), serotonin &

melatonin
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Serves as a precursor for the synthesis of

cysteine and cystin which are therefore, non-
essential
Required
for
the
initiation
of
protein
biosynthesis
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Valine
glucose
- propionyl CoA, a precursor for
Leucine
-acetyl CoA and acetoacetate, the
substrate for fatty acid synthesis
Isoleucine
- propionyl CoA & acetyl CoA
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All three are converted to glutamate and

metabolized
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It is metabolized to give Carnitine Carnitine plays a key role in the fatty acid oxidation Some research findings suggests that Carnitine supplementation has some beneficial effects in
the treatment of Myocardial dysfunctions,

AIDS etc
Is present in the clotting factors(II, VII, IX, X)
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A versatile amino acid

Ammonia is stored in the form of
Glutamine
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Donates one amino group for the synthesis

of Urea
Forms a connecting link between Urea cycle

and TCA cycle(via oxaloacetate)
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Hydrolyses asparagine and liberates ammonia
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Incorporation into proteins

Participation in transamination and NH3
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Serine & glycine are interconvertible

Involved in the formation of Selenocysteine
Participates
in
the
synthesis
of
phospholipid, sphingomyelins and cephalins
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It is often a carrier of phosphate group in

the protein structure
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AA
Infan Children(2 School ts yrs) Boys(A) 28 ? 31 73 64 27 ? 30 45 60 27
School Boys(B) ? 28 44 44 22
Adults
Histidine
8-12 10 14 12 13
Isoleucine 70 Leucine Lysine 161 103
Methioni 58 ne+Cystei ne
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AA
Infan Children( ts 2yrs) 69
School Boys(A) 27
School Boys(B) 22
Adults
Phenylal 125 anine+T yrosine
14
Threoni ne Tryptop han Valine

TOTAL
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17 93 742
37
12.5 38 352
35
4 33 261
28
3.3 25 216
7
3.5 10 84
63
AMINO ACIDS
Arginine Valine Histidine Isoleucine Leucine
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FOOD SOURCES
Cottage, cheese, milk, beef, peanuts etc Cottage, fish and other sea foods, peanuts etc Eggwhite, cheese, seasam flour etc Egg, soyaproteins, seasam flour etc Beans, eggs, fish etc
AMINO ACIIDS
Lysine Methionine
FOOD SOURCES
Cat fish, chicken, soyabean, egg, pea, amaranth etc Fish, meats, legumes, beans, rice etc
Phenylalani Breast milk of mammals ne
Threonine
Cheese, fish and other sea foods, peanuts etc
Tryptophan Soyasauce, spinach, asparagus etc

"

Cha.Su.5/-
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Shashtika
- Aspartic acid, serine, glutamic
acid, glycine, tyrosine

Mudga Amalaki
- Cystein Glutamic acid, proline,
aspartic acid, alanine, lysine
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Yava
Madhu
- Cysteine, 97 amino acids

- Tryptophan, lysine, methionine,
cysteine histidine, glutamine, tyrosine
Paya& ghrita-Almost all the AA present
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Shaalidhanya
Godhooma Yava Shashtika Jangalamamsa
Vastukam
Pathya Aamalaki Mrudvika Patola
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Sunishannaka
Jivanti Balamoolaka Saindhava Daadima
Mudga
Sharkara Ghrita Divyodaka Paya Madhu
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Time-Resolved Transcriptome Analysis of Bacillus subtilis Responding to Valine, Glutamate, and Glutamine Bang-Ce Ye, Yan Zhang, Hui Yu, Wen-Bang Yu, Bao-Hong Liu, Bin-Cheng Yin, ChunYun Yin, Yuan-Yuan Li, Ju Chu, and SiLiang Zhang PLoS One. 2009; 4(9): e7073. Published online 2009 September 18. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007073
The primordial metabolism: an ancestral interconnection between leucine, arginine, and lysine biosynthesis Marco Fondi, Matteo Brilli, Giovanni Emiliani, Donatella Paffetti, and Renato Fani BMC Evol Biol. 2007; 7(Suppl 2): S3. Published online 2007 August 16. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-S2-S3
The AauR-AauS Two-Component System Regulates Uptake and Metabolism of Acidic Amino Acids in Pseudomonas putida Avinash M. Sonawane, Birendra Singh, and Klaus-Heinrich Rhm Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006 October; 72(10): 65696577. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00830-06
In PEM how best our drugs can act

Assessing AA in preparations like Mashadi
Modaka etc
Sulfur containing amino acids in our
preparations containing Gandhaka etc
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Various classification
Requirement of each according to age
Food sources
Nityasevaniya aahara and pathyahara- and
their critical analysis
Researches-few examples and scope

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Amino acids are having diversity of actions They are used in treating various diseases Studying the classification gives us new research ideas and helps to treat their deficiencies
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Charaka Samhita Astanga Sangraha Biochemistry Biochemistry Biochemistry - Vasudevan -Satyanarayana -Chatterjee
www.google.com and Pubmed

Preventive and Social Medicine- byPark
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4/15/2012

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

Dr. Suma S.S. Joshi Dept. of Panchakarma

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

functionally divers molecules in living systems

Display an incredible diversity of functions

being linear polymers of Amino acids

Among 300, 20 are important

To know the various classification of amino acids

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

Amino acid classification based on their

I. II. III. IV. V. VI.

branched alphatic side chains, hence they

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

These are:- Serine, threonine and tyrosine

considered under aromatic amino acids

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

and Methionine comes under this

with Thioether group

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

with Thioether group

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

Aspartic and glutamic acids are dicarboxylic monoamino acids.

While asparagine and glutamine are their respective amide derivatives

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

In this lysine, arginine and histidine are

These are dibasic monocarboxylic acids

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan

Histidine may also be considered under this

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

Proline containing pyrrolidine ring is an

It has an imino group(=NH), instead of an

Therefore, proline is an -amino acid

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

Based on polarity these are classified into 4 groups as follows

Essential or indispensable amino acidsH.VITTAL. LMP

Non-essential or dispensable amino acids

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

21st amino acid-Selenocysteine 22nd amino acid-Pyrrolysine

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID

CLASSIFICATION OF AMINO ACID