Quality Function Deployment

Found at: http://sern.ucalgary.ca/~kjfu/courses/SENG613/teamwork.html

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Other Sources on QFD/SQFD

Good overview can be found at:

http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~johnsonk/SENG/SENG613/Project/report.htm

Downloadable tool:
www.iti-oh.com

SQFD paper: (see other slides)

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Table of Contents

Overview QFD: Step by Step Exercise Comparison of Different RE Techniques Application of QFD on Software Engineering QFD software list Discussion

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Overview of QFD

The History of QFD.

What is QFD? Why use QFD? Characteristics of QFD?

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History of QFD

1960s, Yoji Akao conceptualized QFD. Statistical Quality Control, SQC, was the central quality control activity after WWII. SQC became Total Quality Control, TQC. QFD was derived from TQC.
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First Application of QFD

1966, Bridgestone Tire Corp first used a process assurance table. 1972, the process assurance table was retooled by Akao to include QFD process. 1972, Kobe Shipyards (of Mitsubishi Heavy Industry) began a QFD Oil Tanker project. 1978, Kobe Shipyards published their quality chart for the tanker.
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QFD Takes Hold

The first paper on QFD was published in 1972. In 1978, the first book on QFD was published in Japanese. In 1983, the first English QFD article was published in North America. By the late 1970s most of the Japanese manufacturing industry were using QFD.
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QFD in North America

QFD spread rapidly in North America during the 1980s The Automobile industry and Manufacturing began heavy use of QFD at this time. QFD symposiums (North American, Japanese, European, International) were set up to explore research relating to QFD techniques. The QFD institute was formed in 1994.
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QFD in Software Engineering

The QFD Research Group was seeking research relating to QFD in Software Engineering since 1987. A new style of QFD, Software QFD (SQFD), has emerged. DEC, AT&T, HP, IBM and Texas Instruments have all published information relating to SQFD (Haag, 1996).
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Additional Techniques

There are many techniques which are a style of QFD or are used to enhance QFD. These include: TRIZ, conjoint analysis, the seven product planning tools, Taguchi methods, Kano model, SQFD, DQFD, Gemba, Kaizen, Comprehensive QFD, QFD (N), QFD (B).
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Overview of QFD

The History of QFD.

What is QFD? Why use QFD? Characteristics of QFD?

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What is QFD?

Quality Function Deployment, QFD, is a quality technique which evaluates the ideas of key stakeholders to produce a product which better addresses the customers needs.
Customer requirements are gathered into a visual document which is evaluated and remodeled during construction so the important requirements stand out as the end result.
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The QFD Paradigm

QFD provides the opportunity to make sure you have a good product before you try to design and implement it. It is about planning and problem prevention, not problem solving (Eureka, 1988). QFD provides a systematic approach to identify which requirements are a priority for whom, when to implement them, and why.

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High-Level QFD

Requirements are initially elicited using other RE techniques (interviewing, brain-storming, focusgroups, etc). QFD involves the refinement of requirements using matrices and charts based on group decided priorities. There are 4 Phases of QFD. Each Phase requires internal iteration before proceeding to the next. Once at a Phase you do not go back.
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What Does QFD Require?

QFD requires time, effort, and patience. QFD requires access to stakeholder groups. The benefits of QFD are not realized immediately. Usually not until later in the project or the next project. QFD requires full management support. Priorities for the QFD process cannot change if benefits are to be realized.
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Overview of QFD

The History of QFD. What is QFD?

Why use QFD?

Characteristics of QFD?

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Why use QFD?

The QFD process leads participants to a common understanding of project direction and goals. QFD forces organizations to interact across their functional boundaries (Hales, 1995). QFD reduces design changes (Mazur, 2000).
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QFD Artifacts

Prioritized list of customers and competitors. Prioritized list of customer requirements. Prioritized list of how to satisfy the requirements. A list of design tradeoffs and an indication of how to compromise and weigh them. A realistic set of target values to ensure satisfaction.

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What about Cost?

Cost reduction is not mentioned as a Why to use QFD. Initial costs will be as high or a little higher compared with traditional techniques. You are seeking long term savings in that product or the products that follow.
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Overview of QFD

The History of QFD. What is QFD? Why use QFD?

Characteristics of QFD?

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Characteristics of QFD

4 Main Phases to QFD

Product Planning including the House of Quality (Requirements Engineering Life Cycle) Product Design (Design Life Cycle) Process Planning (Implementation Life Cycle) Process Control (Testing Life Cycle)

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QFD Phase 1

Phase 1 is where most of the information is gathered. Getting good data is critical. Any mistakes in requirements here will be magnified later. Software Engineers should spend most of our time in this Phase.
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The House of Quality (HoQ)

Is a set of matrices which contains the requirements (Whats) and the detailed information to achieve those requirements (Hows, How Muchs). Stakeholder groups fill in the matrices based on their priorities and goals. A key to the HoQ is making sure each group answers the same question about the same relationship, What vs How, cell.
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Key Items to Address in HoQ

QFD Team Mission Statement. Who is the customer? What are the Requirements? How important is each requirement? How will you achieve each requirement? Complete the Relationship Matrix (whats vs hows). Which hows are the most important? What are the tradeoffs between the hows? What target values should be established?
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QFD: Step by Step Guide

How QFD Works Step by Step Guide to Build a House of Quality Example:

Web page development

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How QFD Works

Customer-requirements-driven design and production planning process Rationale is that product quality is measured by customer satisfaction and customers are satisfied if their needs or requirements are met QFD is building requirements into products. Inputs customer requirements Outputs production procedures for producing a product to satisfy customers.
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How QFD Works (2)

Requirem ents

Conceiv e

Technical Specificat ions

Design

High Level Design

Process

Metho ds Tools

Producti on

Procedure s

QFD Planning Process

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House of Quality
Correlation Matrix (Hows vs. Hows)
Technical Specifications Customer Requirements (Whats) (Hows) Relationship Matrix (Whats vs. Hows) Technical Competitive Target Goals Evaluations Degree of Technical Difficulty Overall Importance Ratings
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Whys Customer Importanc e Rating Customer Market Evaluation (Whats vs. Whys)

How muchs

Example

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Customer Requirements

"Voice of Customer (VOC) Are whats Expressed in customers own language Qualitative, vague, ambiguous, incomplete, inconsistent Group session Categorization and organization

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Technical Specifications

Voice of the Engineers or Designers (hows). Interpretations of "whats" in terms of technical specifications or design requirements (designers language) Potential choices for product features Each "whats" item must be converted (refined) to how(s) They have to be actionable (quantifiable or measurable) Free of technology and implementation creates flexibility for design
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Relationship Matrix

Whats vs. Hows Correlates how hows satisfy whats Use symbolic notation for depicting weak, medium, and strong relationships A weight of 1-3-9 or 1-3-5 is often used More strongs are ideal Cross-checking ability

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Customer Prioritization

Prioritizing the importance of each whats item to the customer. Rate each whats item in 1 to 5 rating Completed by the customer AHP can be used

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Customer Market Competitive Evaluations

Comparison of the developer's product with the competitors products Question: Why the product is needed? The customer evaluates all products comparing each whats item Rating of 1 of 5 is given The results help position the product on the market. Identify the gaps
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Target Goals

How muchs" of the Hows (measurement) Answers a common design question: "How much is good enough (to satisfy the customer)? Not known at the time when the "hows" are determined. They are determined through analysis. Clearly stated in a measurable way as to how customer requirements are met Provides designers with specific technical guidance Can be used for (acceptance) testing.

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Correlation Matrix

Roof part Identifies how hows items support (positive) or conflict (negative) with one another May combine strong positive items to reduce development effort Find trade-offs for negative items by adjusting how much values. Trade-offs must be resolved or customer requirements wont be fully satisfied.
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Technical Specifications Competitive Evaluation

Similar to customer market competitive evaluations but conducted by the technical team Technical advantages or disadvantages over competitor products Conflicts may be found between customer evaluations and technical team evaluations
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Technical Difficulty Assessment

Performed by technical teams Helps to establish the feasibility and realization of each "hows" item 1 to 5 ratings

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Overall Importance Ratings

Only time when math is required Calculated overall ratings Function of relationship ratings and customer prioritization ratings. Used to determine a set of technical specifications / requirements needed for the next phase.
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Decisions for Phase 2

The Hows are analyzed

Overall importance ratings Technical difficulties Competitive ratings

Decisions on design requirements are made Start product design phase

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SQFD

QFD for software Software Engineering is requirements driven Addresses quality issues in software development Usually use QFD phase 1 Focuses on requirements Hows vs. functional or non-functional requirements How muchs vs. Testing
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How to Apply QFD to SE

Use for new or upgrade type of projects Requirements refinements

Customer has ideal, developer has solution

Ideal to know application domain knowledge

Software for internal use Software for general use such as OS, word processor etc.
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Presentation Summary

Disadvantages of SQFD Advantages of SQFD How to Make SQFD work

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Disadvantage of SQFD - What Makes QFD Unsuitable for SE

Time and resources consuming Process limitation in iteration support Does not support common language between users and developers Documentation requirements Focus on quality other than functionality

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Benefits of SQFD

Communications among groups Decision justification Metrics Cross-checking Avoid loss of information Shortens the SDLC
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Source: http://www.acm.org/pubs/articles/journals/cacm/1996-39-1/p41-haag/p41-haag.pdf

Advantages of SQFD

Customer / User involvement Focus on customer needs Team builder Improve product or service quality Shorter development cycles Lower costs and greater productivity

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Advantages of SQFD (2)

Reduces design changes Good for communication, decision making and planning Allows for a lot of information in a small space

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How to Make SQFD Work

Obtain management commitment Establish clear, up-front objectives Strong technical know-how Establish multi-functional team. Designate a facilitator QFD training

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How to Make SQFD Work (2)

Get an adequate time commitment from team members Schedule regular meetings Avoid first using QFD on a large, complex project Avoid gathering perfect data Avoid technical arrogance Focus on the important items
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Conclusion

QFD originated in the Manufacturing industry and has been applied to software engineering QFD addresses the quality of the product SQFD is QFD for software QFD, JAD, SSM, PD, RAD and OO all have their merits and faults The use of the technique depends on the project
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QFD vs. JAD

QFD Type Group session approach Goal Clients quality need Driving force Customer voice Defect Prevention
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Suitable
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JAD Group session approach Improve the system Human communication Suitable
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QFD vs. JAD cont.

QFD Communication/ Cooperation >10000 users [Capers Jones, 1995] JAD

Software Users & personnel & developers their users No such Not suitable limitations

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QFD vs. JAD cont.

QFD Focus Fail JAD House of quality Proper communication Lack of support Automated tools are not of Top well & facilitator management bypassed

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