Penatalaksanaan Nyeri FINAL
Penatalaksanaan Nyeri FINAL
1. Transduksi
2. Transmisi
3. Modulasi
4. Persepsi
BerbagaiJenis Nyeri
Berdasarkan Durasi:
• Nyeri akut
• Nyeri kronis
Berdasarkan Asalnya/Patofisiologinya:
Berdasarkan Intensitasnya
• Mild pain
• Moderate pain
• Severe pain
Nyeri berdasarkan Intensitas
1. Mild :
+Nyeri ringan (skala nyeri 0-3 dari 0-10): menggunakan
non-opioid dan/ atau nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug
(NSAID). dan strategi non-farmakologis lainnya untuk
meningkatkan rasa nyaman.
2. Moderate :
+Nyeri sedang (skala nyeri4-6): melanjutkan medikasi pada
tahap 1 dan ditambah opioid.
3. Severe :
+Nyeri berat (skala nyeri 7-10): melanjutkan medikasi pada
tahap 1 dan 2 ditambah opioid yang lebih kuat (contoh:
morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl)
Assessment Nyeri
+The numeric scale
+The Wong-Baker scale (FACES scale)
+The FLACC scale
The Numeric Scale
+Terapi Farmakologi
+Analgesik : Non Opiat dan Opiat
+ Acetaminophen (Parasetamol)
adalah analgesic umum untuk
nyeri ringan.
+ Hati-hati pada pasien dengan
gangguan fungsi hati
Non-steroidal anti-
inflammatories
(NSAIDs)
+Untuk mengurangi nyeri
ringan.
+NSAID bekerja dengan
menghalangi COX I dan
COX II
+Hati-hati pemberian pada
pasien dengan gangguan
lambung atau hipertensi
Opiat
+Untuk mengurangi
nyeri sedang dan berat.
+Opiod menghambat
sinyal nyeri ke otak
+Dapat menyebabkan
ketergantungan dan
gejala putus obat yang
dapat berakibat fatal.
Perawatan Non-Farmakologi
+ Argoff, C.E., Dubin A., Pilitsis, J.G. 2018. Pain Management Secrets Fourth Edition. Elsevier
+ Benzon H.T., et al. 2014. Practical Management of Pain Fifth Edition. Elsevier
+ Benyamin R., et al. 2008. Opioid Complications and Side Effects. Pain Physician 2008: Opioid Special Issue: 11:S105-S120. ISSN 1533-
3159
+ Cole, B. E. (2002). Pain management: Classifying, understanding, and treating pain. Hospital Physician, 38(6), 23–30
+ Filip, R.S. 2014. Assessment of pain: types, mechanism and treatment. Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM.
+ Finosh G.T., et al. 2017. Pain and the Pathogenesis of Biceps Tendinopathy. American Journal of Translational Research
+ Ghaderi F., et al. 2013. Effect of pre-cooling injection site on pain perception in pediatric dentistry: “A randomized clinical trial”. Dental
Research Journal / Vol 10 / Issue 6
+ Hachmi S. 2020. Guidelines for the Management of Acute Pain in Adults .European Society for Emergency Medicine
+ Raja, S., et al. 2020. The revised International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: concepts, challenges, and compromises.
Copyright © 2020 by the International Association for the Study of Pain
+ Sinatra, R. 2002. Role of COX-2 inhibitors in the evolution of acute pain management. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management
+ Woessner, J. 2013. Overview of Pain: Classification and Concepts. Weiner's Pain Management p. 35-47
+ Yam, M.F., et al. 2018. General pathways of pain sensation and the major neurotransmitters involved in pain regulation. International
Journal of Molecular Sciences