Universiti Tenaga Nasional College of Engineering Dep. of Mechanical Engg.

Heat Transfer
Lecture Notes DR. AMIR AL-FALAHI

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Heat Transfer

PARTICULARS

Name: Office: Ext.: e-mail:

Dr. Amir Al-Falahi BN-01-068 7232 alfalahi@uniten.edu.my

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Heat Transfer

Objectives

Understand the difference between Thermodynamics & Heat Transfer Understand the objectives of Heat Transfer Identify the three mechanisms of heat transfer

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Heat Transfer: Physical Origins and Rate Equations

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What is heat transfer?

Heat transfer is thermal energy in transit due to a temperature difference.

What is thermal energy?

Thermal energy is associated with the translation, rotation, vibration and electronic states of the atoms and molecules that comprise matter. It represents the cumulative effect of microscopic activities and is directly linked to the temperature of matter.
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DO NOT confuse or interchange the meanings of Thermal Energy, Temperature and Heat Transfer
Quantity Thermal Energy+ Meaning Energy associated with microscopic behavior of matter A means of indirectly assessing the amount of thermal energy stored in matter Thermal energy transport due to temperature gradients Amount of thermal energy transferred over a time interval t > 0 Thermal energy transfer per unit time Symbol Units

U or u

J or J/kg

Temperature

K or C

Heat Transfer

Heat

J
W
W/m 2

Heat Rate

q
q

Heat Flux

Thermal energy transfer per unit time and surface area

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Objectives of Heat Transfer

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Basically, there are three objectives of Heat Transfer: Thermal Insulation, eg.
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Air conditioning Industrial Drying, etc Heat Exchanger Solidification in casting Temperature control in electric pakages Cooling of nuclear reactors

Heat Transfer Enhancement

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Temperature Control
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Applications of Heat Transfer

Mechanical engineering in boilers, heat exchangers, turbine systems, internal combustion engines etc. Metallurgical engineering in furnaces, heat treatment of components etc. Electrical engineering Cooling systems for electric motors, generators, transformers etc. Chemical engineering In process equipments used in refineries, chemical plants etc. Nuclear engineering In removal of heat generated by nuclear fission using liquid metal coolants, design of nuclear fuel rods against possible burnout etc. Aerospace engineering and space technology In the design of aircraft systems and components, rockets missiles etc. Cryogenic engineering In the production, storage transportation and utilization of cryogenic liquids (at very low temperatures ranging from 100 K to 4 K or even lower) for various industrial, research and defense applications. Civil engineering in the design of suspension bridges, railway tracks, air conditioning and insulation of buildings etc.
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Fundamental laws of Heat Transfer

Fundamental laws governing heat transfer are enumerated below:

First law of thermodynamics----gives conservation of energy, Second law of thermodynamics----gives direction of heat flow, Equation of continuity----gives conservation of mass, Equation of flow----Newtons second law of motion----Navier Stokes equation, Rate equations governing the three modes of heat transfer, Conduction----Fouriers law of conduction Convection----Newtons law of cooling Radiation----Stefan Boltzmanns law Empirical relations for fluid properties such as specific heat, thermal conductivity, viscosity etc., Equation of state for the fluid.
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Why we need to undertake a detailed study on heat transfer? After all, we can determine the amount of heat transfer for any system undergoing any process using a thermodynamic analysis alone. The reason is that thermodynamics is concerned with the amount of heat transfer as a system undergoes a process from one equilibrium state to another, and it gives no indication about how long the process will take.

A thermodynamic analysis simply tells us how much heat must be transferred to realize a specified change of state to satisfy the Heat Transfer UNITEN conservation of energy principle.

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In practice we are more concerned about the rate of heat transfer (heat transfer per unit time) than we are with the amount of it. For example, we can determine the amount of heat transferred from a thermos bottle as the hot coffee inside cools from 90C to 80C by a thermodynamic analysis alone. But a typical user or designer of a thermos is primarily interested in how long it will be before the hot coffee inside cools to 80C, and a thermodynamic analysis cannot answer this question.
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Determining the rates of heat transfer to or from a system and thus the times of cooling or heating, as well as the variation of the temperature, is the subject of heat transfer We are normally interested in how long it takes for the hot coffee in a thermos to cool to a certain temperature, which cannot be determined from a thermodynamic analysis alone.
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Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states and changes from one equilibrium state to another Heat transfer, on the other hand, deals with systems that lack thermal equilibrium, and thus it is a nonequilibrium phenomenon. Therefore, the study of heat transfer cannot be based on the principles of thermodynamics alone. However, the laws of thermodynamics lay the framework for the science of heat transfer.
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The first law requires that the rate of energy transfer into a system be equal to the rate of increase of the energy of that system. The second law requires that heat be transferred in the direction of decreasing temperature.

Heat flows in the direction of decreasing temperature.

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The basic requirement for heat transfer is the presence of a temperature difference. There can be no net heat transfer between two mediums that are at the same temperature. The temperature difference is the driving force for heat transfer, just as The voltage difference is the driving force for electric current flow and The pressure difference is the driving force for fluid flow.
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The amount of heat transferred during the process is denoted by Q The amount of heat transferred per unit time is called heat transfer rate, and is denoted by q The heat transfer rate q has the unit J/s, which is equivalent to Watt [W]. The rate of heat transfer per unit area normal to the direction of heat transfer is called heat flux q ", and the average heat flux is expressed as:
q q = A
"

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q q = A
"

q = 24 W = const.

q 24 W q = = = 4W / m 2 A 6 m2
"
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HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS

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Heat can be transferred in three different modes:

conduction, convection, and radiation. All modes require: T, and All modes are from the high-temperature medium to a lower-temperature one.

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Heat transfer mechanism

Modes of heat transfer:
Conductio n: Thermal energy transfer from the
more energetic particles of a substance to the adjacent less energetic ones as a result of interactions between the particles

Convection : hermal energy transfer between T surface and adjacent fluid in motion Radiation: Thermal energy transfer emitted in the form of UNITEN electromagnetic waves

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Heat transfer mechanism

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Heat transfer mechanism

Conduction Convection Radiation

qcond

Fouriers Law kt = thermal conductivity

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T = kt A x

qconv = hA(Ts T f )
Newtons Law of cooling h = convection heat transfer coefficient
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4 qrad = A (Ts4 Tsurr )

Stefan-Boltzmann Law = emissivity = Stefan-Boltzmann constant

24

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