aggregates

Material for Civil Engineering

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Aggregate gradation

UNIFORM

G A P

CONTINUOUS

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Gradation and Aggregate Building

Aggregate gradation affects the workability of portland cement concrete mixes, and the stability and durability of bituminous concrete mixes, also affects the stability, drainage and frost resistance of base course

Aggregate grading: dense; gap; uniform; open graded

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Gradation and Aggregate Building

Fuller method:
P = 100 [ d/D] N p = percentage finer than sieve D = maximum size aggregate to be used (top size) d = sieve size in question N = coefficient of adjustment which adjusts the curve for fineness or coarseness

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Fuller curve
100 90 80

Percent finer by weight

70 60 50

40

30 20
10 0 10 1 0.1

n = 0.3 n = 0.5 n = 0.7

Diameter in mm log scale hra

Fine aggregates limits

SIEVE SIZE
mm
9.50 4.75 2.36

PASSING
%
100 95 - 100 80 - 100

inch
3/8 No. 4 No. 8

1.18
600 mm 300 mm

No. 16
No. 30 No. 50

50 - 85
25 - 60 10 - 30

150 mm

No. 100

2 - 10

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Graphical distribution
Increasing cumulative percentage passing

CONTINUOUS

UNIFORM

GAP

Increasing particle size (sieve opening)

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Sieve test result

Sieve Size (mm)
4.75

no
4

Weight retained (gr)

0

% retained
0

Cumulative retained (%)

0

Cumulative passing (%)

100

2.36
1.18 0.60 0.30 0.15 pan

8
16 30 50 100

241.9
388.9 505.5 543.4 340.8 11.3

11.9
19.1 24.9 26.7 16.8 0.6

11.9
31.0 55.9 82.6 99.4 100.0

90.6
74.0 51.7 25.1 8.4 0

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Sieve Test Result

120 100

80

60

cumm retained cumm passing

40

20

0 no 4 no 8 no 16 no 30 no 50 no 100 pan

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TYPICAL GRADATION
Sieve designation
2 in 1 in in No. 4

Percent finer than

A
100 100 63 25

B
100 95 85 50

C
100 90 100 65 80 30 45

No. 10
No. 200

15
3

36
7

20 35
0-5

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TYPICAL GRADATION
120 100 80 60 40 20 0
2 in 1 in in No. 4
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a b c c1

No. 10

No. 200
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Binding aggregates (2 materials)

Percent aggregate A
0 20 40 60 80 100

1.5 Percent passing aggregate B

80 100

Percent passing aggregate A

3/4

No. 4

No. 10

No. 200
0 20 40 60

Percent aggregate B hra

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Aggregates Moisture Phase

Oven Dry

Air Dry

Saturated surface dry

Wet

Absorption Capacity

Surface moisture Effective Absorption

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Absorption Capacity

WSSD - WOD WOD WSSD - WAD WSSD

X 100

Effective Absorption

X 100

Moisture Content

WAGG - WOD WOD

X 100

Surface Moisture

WWET - WSSD
WSSD

X 100

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SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Ratio between mass (weight in air) to the mass of an equal volume of water (for a specific temperature)
WOD WSSD - WSW

Bulk Specific Gravity, Gb

Bulk Specific Gravity, Gbsd Saturated surface dry

WSSD
WSSD - WSW WOD

Apparent Specific Gravity, Ga

WOD - WSW

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Flexible Pavement

Asphalt concrete Base course

Sub Base course

Sub Grade

TYPICAL CROSS SECTION

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Aggregate for Pavement Base

GRADATION
PARTICLE STRENGTH PARTICLE SHAPE SURFACE TEXTURE
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Gradation

Fine

Medium

Coarse

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GRADATION
Gradation affects: stability, drainage, and frost susceptibility;

The type of gradation: dense graded (maximum stability), open graded (maximum drainage or frost protection);
The hardness of the aggregate (ie.; aggregate degradation)
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Aggregate without fines STRENGTH Grain to grain contact only

Void filled with fines Grain contact increase Resistance to deform increase Density increase

Void overfilling by fines Contact reduced the strength of mixture Aggregate float in fines Density decrease Practically impervious

DENSITY

Varies (relatively low) Pervious

STABILITY

High in confine structure Low in unconfined structure Hard to compact

High for confine and unconfined structure

Low stability

COMPACTION

Relatively easy to compact

No problem

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Particle Strength
To resist the load without breakdown, minimize degradation Requires: strength and toughness

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Particle Shape
Angular aggregate characteristics give aggregate interlock properties; increase the stability of open graded materials. Rounded aggregate:
Herrin and Goetz: crushing rounded gravels add significantly only to the stability of one size aggregate mixes, to open graded mixes a very little,
and to dense mixes not at all

Thin and elongated aggregate:

Size segregation; low strength

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Particle Texture (surface)

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Aggregate for Bituminous Mixture

Gradation and Size:
(High volume of traffic: dense graded aggr., with sufficient void to leave room for fine and asphalt)

Strength and Toughness:

To prevent aggregate breakdown under traffic and subsequent los of stability)

Particle shape
(angular aggr. gives aggr., interlock properties increasing stability of open graded materials)

Porosity
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Gradation for typical sand asphalt

Sieve designation passing Percentage of total by weight Grading A Grading B Grading C

No. 4 No. 10 No. 40 No. 80 No. 200 Bitumen

100
95 100 80 100 50 80 10 30 08 4.0 6.0

100
95 100 80 100 50 95 5 30 08 4.0 6.0

100
90 100 50 100 35 70 5 30 08 4.5 6.5

Note: Base course mixture

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 This is en of session

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Assignment
1. Jenis batuan yang paling cocok untuk perkerasan jalan adalah igneous rock. Mohon komentar dan penjelasan mengenai keterangan tersebut. 2. Bagaimana bentuk (shape) dari partikel mempengaruhi penggunaannya untuk: beton semen; -beton aspal? 3. Apa yang dimaksud dengan gradasi batuan?

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Assignment
1. Analisis saringan dari 1.000 gram batuan halus (fine) menghasilkan data sebagai berikut pada tabel. Mohon saudara gambarkan grafik gradasinya dan hitung modulus kehalusan (fineness modulus) dan apa saran saudara terhadap gradasi tersebut

Sieve Size Weight Retained (gr)

4 26

8 130

16 240

30 252

50 210

100 138

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1. Pelajari dan gambarkan grafik gradasinya dari beberapa standar teknis (technical specification) mengacu kepada ASTM standar untuk gradasi batuan yang digunakan untuk:
campuran beton aspal campuran beton semen

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