Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia: Focus on Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Particles (SPIONs)

Sophie Laurent, Silvio Dutz, Urs O. Hfeli and Morteza Mahmoudi

OBJECTIVES
Acknowledge the use of SPIONs as possible means for treating cancer Provide a more efficient way of killing cancer cells through magnetic nanoparticles Conduct more studies regarding the feasibility of SPIONS as possible cure for cancer

MAGNETIC FLUID HYPERTHERMIA

A promising technique for treating cancer cells Refers to the heating of tissues using magnetic nanoparticles at 42-45C

TYPES OF HYPERTHERMIA
Local hyperthermia Regional hyperthermia Whole body hyperthermia

WAYS OF INTRODUCING MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES (MNP)

Arterial injection Direct injection In situ implant formation Active targeting

SPIONs
Superparamagnetic iron oxide particles Occur in two forms
Magnetite (Fe3O4) Maghemite (-Fe2O3)

Characteristics of SPIONS
Biocompatibility Nontoxicity Ability to escape from the reticuloendothelial system (RES) Low protein adsorption

Why coat SPIONs?

Preventing the opsonization of SPIONs Avoiding agglomeration of SPIONs in biological medium Achieving the desired surface charge for the SPIONs surface main task Preserving the functionalities of the nanomaterials Exhibiting the protein adsorption on the SPIONs and their corresponding denaturation Ensuring biocompatibility of SPIONs

HOW IS IT DONE?
MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES

High Frequency Induction Machine for Hyperthermia

Schematic diagram for hyperthermia

Predicted and actual SPION and temperature distribution for recurrent cervical cancer

Predicted and actual SPION and temperature distribution for recurrent prostate carcinoma

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Balivada et.al. Magnetic Hyperthermia of Melanoma Mediated by Iron oxide Core Nanoparticles, 2010

Influence of biomagnetic Fe3O4 core/shell MNP combined with short external alternating magnetic field exposure on the growth of subcutaneous mouse melanomas Decrease in tumor size was observed after IV administration of the MNP followed by three consecutive days of AMF exposure 24 h after injection

Matsuoka et. al. Hyperthermia Using Magnetite Cationic Liposomes for Hamster Osteosarcoma 2004

Investigated the effect of magntic cationic liposomes in vivo as treatement for hamster osteosarcoma Tumor was heated above 42C and complete regression was observed in 100% of the treated group hamsters

Matsuoka et. al. Hyperthermia Using Magnetite Cationic Liposomes for Hamster Osteosarcoma 2004

Investigated the effect of magntic cationic liposomes in vivo as treatement for hamster osteosarcoma Tumor was heated above 42C and complete regression was observed in 100% of the treated group hamsters

Tseng et.al. Nanobiotechnology 2009

Developed a feedback temperature system to keep the MNP at a constant temperature to prevent overheating in the tumors Authors found experimentally that the survival rate of cancer cells could be greatly reduced when CT-26 cancer cells were heated above 45C.

Le Renard et.al. Hyperthermia 2009

Investigated a new heat delivery technique for the local treatment of solid tumors injecting a formulation that solidifies to form an implant in situ After treatement with 12 mT field, five of eleven mice (45%) survived one year without any tumor recurrence

CONCLUSIONS
SPIONs play an important role in the development of hyperthermia for treatment of tumors in vivo. SPIONs are very suitable to serve as heating source during magnetic fluid hyperthermia and further research in the field will lead to a feasible solution or reduction of the abovementioned problems which enables a more profound testing of this promising therapeutic method for cancer treatment.