External Memory

Andrew Liem Click to edit Master subtitle style

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History

Disket digunakan -> limited spaces / capacity in 1957, IBM introduced the first fixed disk storage

It was a big thing with 50 disks that were 24 inches in diameter Capacity of 5 MB a huge storage space at the time, which cost $35,000 a year to lease.

The first computer with a hard disk was 4/19/12 RAMAC IBMs

In 1964, the CRC algorithm was introduced. It provided greater security by checking and comparing data before and after it was written to the disk. In 1971, the first 8-inch diskettes came onto the market.

The standard users need for disk space (e.g. for digital photos, video and music) has grown in step with this, so that 120250 GB of disk space or more is normal 4/19/12 in many PCs

Hard disks are constantly being developed which have greater capacity and speed, and there is therefore a constant need for new types of hard disk controllers. The companies leading the development are Maxtor, Western Digital, IBM/Hitachi and Seagate.

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An SATA-hard disk (here 160 gigabytes)

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The physical disk

Hard disks consist of one or more magnetic plates mounted in a metal box. The standard size is about 10 x 14.5 x 2.5 cm

Inside the box, a number of glass or metal plates whir around at, for example, 5400 or 7200 revolutions per minute these being the two most common speeds. 4/19/12

The read/write heads hover over the magnetic plates, and can transfer data at a tremendous speed:

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Maxtor Heads 40 GB

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Bagaimana Harddisk bekerja

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The actual read/write head is a tiny electromagnet. The magnet ends in a C-shaped head, the shape of which ensures that it virtually hovers (float) above the magnetic plate Under the read/write head are the disk tracks These are thin rings packed with 4/19/12 magnetic particles. These magnetic

The data on the hard disk is created using electrical induction.

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When the disk moves under the read/write head, it can either read the existing data or write new data to the disk:

If current is supplied to the coil, the head will become magnetic. This magnetism will reorganise the tiny magnetic bits in the track, so they represent new values. Thus data is written.

If the 4/19/12 head is moved over the track

The read/write heads are the most expensive part of the hard disk. When the disk is switched off, the heads are parked in a special area, so that they will not be damaged during transport.

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Cover has been removed from a hard disk, and you can see the uppermost arm with its read/write head.

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Tracks and sectors

Each hard disk plate is divided into tracks. Each track is subdivided into a number of sectors, the disks smallest unit. A sector normally holds 512 bytes of data. The individual files are written across a number of disk sectors (at least one), and this task is handled by the file system

The 4/19/12 file system is part of the operating

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The hard disks interface

The hard disk is managed by a controller built into the actual unit. This controller works together with a similar controller linked to the PCs I/O bus (on the motherboard)

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The interfaces job is to move data between the hard disk sectors and the I/O bus as fast as possible. It consists of:

A controller which controls the hard disk. A controller which connects the hard disk to the motherboard. A cable between the two controllers

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Enhanced IDE The IDE standard wasnt especially fast, and couldnt handle hard disks bigger than 528 MB. ATA standard came out in the mid1990s, and is still used today for cheap, high-performance, massproduced hard disks. ATA is an enhanced edition of IDE, 4/19/12 the interface was moved from where

In principle, ATA (or parallel ATA) can be used for a number of different devices. The most common are:

Hard disks, CD-ROM/DVD drives and burners. Other drives (such as the diskette formats, Zip and LS-120, etc.) and tape units.

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Host controller with two channels

The ATA interface can be seen as a bus, which is managed by a host controller. Up to four devices can be connected per host controller, and the devices connect directly to the motherboard.

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The slightly unusual thing about the ATA interface is that there are two channels, which can each have two devices connected. They are called the primary and secondary channels. If two devices are connected to one channel, they have to be configured as one master and one slave device
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The ATA systems four channels.

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The various versions of the ATA standard.

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ATA cables

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Parallel ATA setup

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Each ATA device has a small area containing jumpers which are used to set whether it is the master or slave device.

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Multitasking and protocol limitations

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Masalah ?

to connect two hard disks, in addition to a CD/DVD drive or drives

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An ATA-RAID controller which is integrated into the motherboard.

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All four ATA devices have their own channel to work on, and thats the optimal solution.

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SATA - Serial ATA

Serial ATA is a high-speed serial interface in family with Ethernet, USB, FireWire and AMD's Hyper Transport. All these interfaces use a serial technology. They only have two channels: one receiving data and one transmitting them.

This can be achieved with a very simple 4/19/12

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RAID ?

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RAID

Redundant Array of Independent Disks Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks 6 levels in common use Not a hierarchy Set of physical disks viewed as single logical drive by O/S Data 4/19/12distributed across physical

RAID 0

No redundancy Data striped across all disks Round Robin striping Increase speed

Multiple data requests probably not on same disk Disks seek in parallel

A set of data is likely to be striped across 4/19/12 multiple disks

RAID 1

Mirrored Disks Data is striped across disks 2 copies of each stripe on separate disks Read from either Write to both Recovery is simple
Swap faulty disk & re-mirror 4/19/12

RAID 2

Disks are synchronized Very small stripes

Often single byte/word

Error correction calculated across corresponding bits on disks Multiple parity disks store Hamming code error correction in corresponding positions Lots of 4/19/12 redundancy

RAID 3

Similar to RAID 2 Only one redundant disk, no matter how large the array Simple parity bit for each set of corresponding bits Data on failed drive can be reconstructed from surviving data and parity info Very high transfer rates 4/19/12

RAID 4

Each disk operates independently Good for high I/O request rate Large stripes Bit by bit parity calculated across stripes on each disk Parity stored on parity disk

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RAID 5

Like RAID 4 Parity striped across all disks Round robin allocation for parity stripe Avoids RAID 4 bottleneck at parity disk Commonly used in network servers
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RAID 6

Two parity calculations Stored in separate blocks on different disks User requirement of N disks needs N+2 High data availability

Three disks need to fail for data loss Significant write penalty

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RAID 0, 1, 2

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RAID 3 & 4

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RAID 5 & 6

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Optical Storage CD-ROM

Originally for audio 650Mbytes giving over 70 minutes audio Polycarbonate coated with highly reflective coat, usually aluminium Read by reflecting laser Constant packing density Constant linear velocity
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CD Operation

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CD-ROM Drive Speeds

Audio is single speed

Constant linier velocity 1.2 ms-1 Track (spiral) is 5.27km long Gives 4391 seconds = 73.2 minutes

Other speeds are quoted as multiples e.g. 24x

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CD-ROM Format

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Mode 0=blank data field Mode 1=2048 byte data+error correction Mode 2=2336 byte data

Random Access on CD-ROM

Difficult Move head to rough position Set correct speed Read address Adjust to required location (Yawn!)
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CD-ROM for & against

Large capacity (?) Easy to mass produce Removable Robust Expensive for small runs Slow Read 4/19/12 only

Other Optical Storage

CD-Recordable (CD-R)

WORM Now affordable Compatible with CD-ROM drives Erasable Getting cheaper

CD-RW

Mostly CD-ROM drive compatible 4/19/12 change Phase

DVD - whats in a name?

Digital Video Disk

Used to indicate a player for movies

Only plays video disks

Digital Versatile Disk

Used to indicate a computer drive

Will read computer disks and play video disks

Dogs Veritable Dinner Officially - nothing!!!

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DVD - technology

Multi-layer Very high capacity (4.7G per layer) Full length movie on single disk

Using MPEG compression

Finally standardized (honest!) Movies carry regional coding Players only play correct region films Can be fixed 4/19/12

DVD Writable

Loads of trouble with standards First generation DVD drives may not read first generation DVD-W disks First generation DVD drives may not read CD-RW disks Wait for it to settle down before buying!
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CD and DVD

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Multi-Layer High-Def DVD Technology

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Blue Ray Disc

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Hybrid Combining DVD+BD

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Magnetic Tape

Serial access Slow Very cheap Backup and archive

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Digital Audio Tape (DAT)

Uses rotating head (like video) High capacity on small tape

4Gbyte uncompressed 8Gbyte compressed

Backup of PC/network servers

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