Protection- mechanical, chemical, bacterial Body temperature regulation Prevent water loss Metabolic- synthesize vitamin D Cutaneous Sensation

tion Blood reservoir Excretion Prevent UV damage

An organ, cells constantly dying and being replaced

Facts: Weighs 9-11 lbs s.a. = 1.5-2m2 1 cm2 has 70 cm blood vessels, 55 cm nerves, 100 sweat glands, 15 oil glands, 230 sensory receptors New skin produced in 25-45 days

 Keratinocytes (90%)- waterproofs & protects skin, nails, hair, stratum corneum Melanocytes (8%)- produce melanin

Merkel Cells- slow mechanoreceptors

Langerhans Cells- immunological defense

Stratum Corneum

Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum Stratum Spinosum Stratum Basale(Germinativum)

Dermis

papillary dermis

reticular dermis

a. Cellular Fibroblasts (synthesize collagen, elastin, and reticulin), histiocytes, endothelial cells, perivascular macrophages and dendritic cells, mast cells, smooth muscle, and cells of peripheral nerves and their end-organ receptors. b. Fibrous

Collagen & reticulin - provide tensile strength

Elastic fibers- provide for restoration of shape after a deformation

c. Ground substance
glycosaminoglycans: hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and dermatan sulfate.

Hypodermis

This layer contains adipose tissue and serves to attach the dermis to its underlying tissues.

Some variations in human skin color

(Sub-Saharan African, Indian, Southern European, and Northwest European)

Skin color due to: Melanin, Carotene & Hemoglobin Melanin Pigments: Eumelanin: Phaeomelanin > Eumelanin:Phaeomalanin- darker skin and hair color; < Eumelanin:Phaeomalanin- lighter skin and hair color

Human complexions are generally classified into six skin types:

I -light skinned, burns easily, never tans

II - light skinned, burns easily, tans some III - light skinned, burns occasionally, tans well

25% US pop

IV - light skinned, tans well, rarely burns

V - brown skinned (Asian, Indo-Asian, Chinese, Japanese), tans well, burns rarely, can sunburn after prolonged exposure to UVR VI - black skinned (Afro-Caribbean), deeply pigmented, can burn after prolonged exposure to UVR

 Cyanotic Jaundice Erythema Pallor

 Pigmentation levels usually increase with age. - exception: premature graying Normal pigmentation may be altered by genetic defects or by acquired diseases. -Hyperpigmentation- age spots -Hypopigmentation- vitiligo, albinism

External agents can also alter skin color. lightening agents

carotene
dyes Some internal compounds--such as the byproducts of hemoglobin metabolism--may color the skin.

Sunless tanning

Malignant melanoma 2% of all cancers

Risks: 1. Skin type 2. Sun exposure 3. Family history 4. Age 5. Immunological status Normal mole Melanoma A= asymmetry B= border C= color D= diameter

Sweat Glands Eccrine (merocrine) glands- sweat Apocrine glands- axillary & anogenital areas Ceruminous glands- ears canal Mammary glands- female reproductive glands

Sweat glands Ceruminous glands

Sebaceous

Hair
Hair shaft Sebaceous gland

Hair root

Hair bulb in follicle

Nail

1st Degree: epidermal damage Ex. sunburn 2nd Degree: epidermis & upper dermis Ex. blisters 3rd Degree: entire thickness of skin

Blood vessels dilate WBC & clotting agents released Scab forms

Granulation tissue forms Capillary beds invade clot Clean up begins

Scar area has contracted Epithelium regeneration begins

1. 2. 3. 4.

In which lay of skin are blood vessels located? Where does epithelium regeneration begin? What color is a persons skin if they are cyanotic? List the layer of the epidermis in order from top to bottom. 5. What is the primary tissue of the hypodermis?

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