Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec.

School, Patiala
 Introduction
•Plant, any member of the plant kingdom,
comprising about 260,000 known species of
mosses, liverworts, ferns, herbaceous and
woody plants, bushes, vines, trees, and various
other forms that mantle the Earth and are also
found in its waters.
•Plants range in size and complexity from small,
nonvascular mosses, which depend on direct
contact with surface water, to giant sequoia
trees, the largest living organisms, which can
draw water and minerals through their vascular
systems to elevations of more than 100 m (330
ft).
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Diagram And Illustration

Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala

 Anatomy of a Leaf

• The leaf provides food for the rest of the plant through the
process of photosynthesis.
• The outermost layer of the leaf is the epidermis, which is
protected by the waxy coating of the cuticle. Guard cells
implanted in the epidermis form pores, known as stomata,
through which water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide pass.
• Embedded in the inner tissues of the leaf are chloroplasts,
where photosynthesis occurs. The plant veins consist of two
specialized tissues. Xylem conducts water from the plant to
the leaf, while phloem carries food from the leaf to the
plant.

Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala

Impact of plants

Wheat has been grown throughout

temperate regions of the world since
prehistoric times. Although wheat’s
primary use is as a flour, it is also
used in brewing and distilling, as
livestock feed, and even as a coffee
substitute

Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala

Classification

Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala

 Classification
• Classification, in biology, identification, naming, and
grouping of organisms into a formal system based on
similarities such as internal and external anatomy,
physiological functions, genetic makeup, or evolutionary
history.

Classification determines methods for organizing the

diversity of life on Earth. It is a dynamic process that
reflects the very nature of organisms, which are subject
to modification and change over many, many
generations in the process of evolution.
.
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Cell Structure

Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala

 Plant Cells
Plant cells contain a variety of membrane-bound structures called
organelles. These include a nucleus that carries

• genetic material;
• mitochondria that generate energy;
• ribosomes
• and rough endoplasmic reticulum that manufacture proteins;

smooth endoplasmic reticulum that manufactures lipids

used for making membranes and storing energy; and a
thin lipid membrane that surrounds the cell. Plant cells
also contain chloroplasts that capture energy from
sunlight and a single fluid-filled vacuole that stores
compounds and helps in plant growth. Plant cells are
surrounded by a rigid cell wall that protects the cell and
maintains its shape.
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
 Types of plants
• Brown Algae, about 1500 species of almost exclusively
marine, brown-colored algae, known as seaweeds, that
make up the brown algae phylum in the protist kingdom.
• Desmid, common name for numerous single-celled
freshwater green algae. The cell is divided into two
symmetrical halves, held together by an isthmus
containing the nucleus. Each half of the cell contains a
single chloroplast.
•Stonewort, common name for about 200 species of algae
belonging
. to the phylum Charophyta of the plant kingdom.
Stoneworts are so called because the plant surface is
usually covered by a thick, brittle, limy crust of calcium
carbonate. Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
 Uses of Plants
Essential Oils, any of several chemicals that form the
odoriferous essences of a number of plants. The term
essential oil is also applied to similar synthetic substances
prepared from coal tar chemicals, and semisynthetic
substances prepared from natural essential oils
.
Fiber, fine hairlike structure, of animal, vegetable, mineral, or
synthetic origin. Fibers are classified according to their
origin, chemical structure, or both. They can be braided into
ropes and cordage, made into felts (also called nonwovens),
woven or knitted into textile fabrics, or, in the case of high-
strength fibers, used as reinforcements in composites—that
is, products made of two or more different materials
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
 Reproduction
• Asexual Reproduction,
The formation of a new individual from cells of the parent,
without meiosis, gamete formation, or fertilization. There
are several types of asexual reproduction. Fission is the
simplest form and involves the division of a single
organism into two complete organisms, each identical to
the other and to the parent. Fission is common among
unicellular organisms such as bacteria, many protists,
some algae such as Spirogyra and Euglena, as well as a
few higher organisms such as flatworms and certain
species of polychaete worms.

Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala

 Clonning
• Cloning, creating a
copy of living matter,
such as a cell or
organism. The copies
produced through
cloning have identical
genetic makeup and
are known as clones.
Many organisms in
nature reproduce by
cloning

Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala

 Cross Pollination
• Bumblebees and other
insects perform the
important function of
cross-pollination as they
move from flower to
flower.
• Pushing between the
tightly closed petals of the
toadflax flower to feed on
the nectar within, this
bee’s furry back picks up
pollen from the flower’s
anthers.
• The bee will carry the
pollen to the stigma of
another flower, as shown
here, depositingGovt.pollen
Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
collected at a previous
 Carbon Cycle
• Carbon, used by all living organisms, continuously
circulates in the earth’s ecosystem.
• In the atmosphere, it exists as colorless, odorless
carbon dioxide gas, which is used by plants in the
process of photosynthesis.
• Animals acquire the carbon stored in plant tissue when
they eat and exhale carbon dioxide as a by-product of
metabolism.
• Although some carbon is removed from circulation
temporarily as coal, petroleum, fossil fuels, gas, and
limestone deposits, respiration and photosynthesis
balance to keep the amount of atmospheric carbon
relatively stable. Industrialization, however, has
contributed additional carbon dioxide to the environment.
Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala
Carbon Cycle

Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala

 DISEASES OF PLANTS
• Diseases of Plants, deviations from the normal growth
and development of plants incited by microorganisms,
.
parasitic flowering plants, nematodes, viruses, or
.
adverse environmental conditions

•BACTERIA-INDUCED DISEASES

•DESTRUCTIVE FUNGI

Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala

 Insect Pests
• Aphid,
• Bark Beetle
• Leafminer
• Scale Insect
• Snail

Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala

 Sources of information
• Pictures from Encarta and internet.
• Content from internet and encyclopedia.

Govt. Victoria Girls Sr. Sec. School, Patiala