Project Name

Structure of Atom
G.CO-EDU.SEN.SEC.SCHOOL GOLEWALA(FDK)
Prepared By:-
Students Name Class
1.Manpreet Kaur 9th (Collect Topic)
2.Sandeep Kaur 9th (Editing)
3.Hardeesh Kaur 9th (Write)
4.Sukhveer Kaur 9th (Color)
5.Gurpreet Kaur 9th (Pictures)
Spl Thanks :- Monika Gupta (Sci.Mistress)
 INDEX
1. Atom as building block.
2. Discovery of electron.
3. Cathode ray tube.
4. Properties of cathode rays.
5. Discovery of proton.
6. Discovery of neutron.
7. X-Rays & its properties.
8. Models of atom.
9. Isotopes.
 ATOM AS BUILDING BLOCK OF MATTER
• Atom, tiny basic building block of matter. All the material on
Earth is composed of various combinations of atoms. Atoms
are the smallest particles of a chemical element that still exhibit
all the chemical properties unique to that element.
• When two or more atoms combine, they form a molecule. For
example, two atoms of the element hydrogen (abbreviated H)
combine with one atom of the element oxygen (O) to form a
molecule of water (H20).
• The smallest particle of an
element or of a compound
that has independent existence
is a molecule.
•Acc. to Dalton’s Atomic theory matter is made up of tiny
particles known as atom. .Atoms were not divisible. But latter
on it is discovered that atom is divisible. It is made up of
electron, protons & neutrons. These are called Fundamental
particles.

•There systematic study is as:-

DISCOVERY OF ELECTRON
Cathode Ray, a high-speed electron emitted by the negative
electrode of a vacuum tube when an electric current is passed
through it. Cathode rays were first generated by means of the
Crooke's tube, an invention of the British physicist Sir William
Crooke.
Cathode Ray Tube
 PROPERTIES OF CATHODE RAYS
1. They travel in straight line.
2. They are made up of material particles.
3. They have negative charge.
4. They produce heating effect.
5. They produce X-Rays when they strike the surface of hard
metals.
6. They posses penetrating effect.
7. They effect photographic plates.
8. They cause ionization of a gas through which they pass.
9. They produce green fluorescence.

The negatively charged material particles

constituting the cathode rays are called Electrons.

ELECTRON:- An electron is that fundamental particle which

carries 1unit negative charge & has a mass
nearly
 DISCOVERY OF PROTON-STUDY OF ANODE RAYS
since the atom as a whole is electrically neutral
and the presence of negatively charged particles in it
is established. Therefore it was thought that some
positively charged particles must also be present in
the atom.
For this purpose Goldstein performed
discharge tube experiments in which he discovered
anode rays.
• PROPERTIES OF ANODE RAYS:-
4. They travel in straight line.
5. They are made up of material particles.
6. They are +ively charged.
These particles are called protons.
PROTON:- A proton may be defined as that fundamental particle
which carries 1 unit +ive charge and has a ,mass nearly
equal to that of hydrogen atom.
 DISCOVERY & STUDY OF NEUTRONS

James Chadwick, in 1932 performed some scattering

experiments in which he bombarded some light elements like
Beryllium & Boron with fast moving alpha particles. He found that
some new particles were emitted which carried no charge. This
was termed as NEUTRON.

NEUTRON:- A neutron may be defined as that fundamental

particle which carries no charge but has a mass nearly equal to
that of hydrogen atom or proton.
X-RAYS:- X Ray, penetrating electromagnetic radiation,
having a shorter wavelength than light, and produced by
bombarding a target, usually made of tungsten, with high-
speed electrons.

Properties of X-Rays:-
4. X rays affect a photographic emulsion in the same way light
does .
5. X rays also cause fluorescence in certain materials.
6. X-Rays have high ionization power.
7. X-Rays travel in straight line.
8. X-Rays have no charge.
9. X-Rays may be diffracted by passage through a crystal or by
reflection
Models of the Atom
 ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN
Atom of an element that have same atomic no. but different
mass no. are called ISOTOPES