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PROJECT ON SOUND

• MADE BY:- • Name Of Computer


• MONIKA Faculty:-Mrs Neelam
• MANPREET • Name Of Computer
• VANDANA Teacher:-Miss Watanjot
Kaur
• KULWINDER
• CLASS-10TH A & B
• Name Of Science
Teachers:-
• Mrs Nisha Puri
• Mrs Inderjeet Kaur
• Mrs Jaswant Kaur
INTRODUCTION TO SOUND

Sound is defined as the voice


which we can hear with our ears.
Molecular Details Of Sound
Detection
• In humans, sound is detected by the sensory hair cells
located within the cochlea of the inner ear. Hair cells
have bundles of finger-like protrusions. A cluster of these
precisely organized protrusions on a single hair cell is
called a stereocilia bundle. The stereocilia bend, setting
off a series of chemical and electrical signals within the
cells. These signals are ultimately carried to the brain by
the auditory nerve and interpreted as sound. Although
scientists understand the basic principles of sound
detection, the molecular details underlying hair cell
function are much less well known.
Schematic secondary structure
of cadherin-23 and mutations in
the waltzer mouse mutant.
SOUND WAVES
• Sound is created by a disturbance travelling in
an elastic medium. For instance, when an
excess pressure is produced on some region of
the air, that region tends to expand towards the
neighbouring zones. This, in turn, compresses
those zones, creating a new excess pressure
which will tend to expand next, and, again, a
new excess pressure is further created. The
pressure disturbance will thus propagate through
the air, and eventually it will reach some receiver
(for instance a microphone or an ear). Excess
pressure is called sound pressure.
SPECTRUM
• Spectrum is a central concept in Acoustics. When we
introduced the concept of frequency, we said that
periodic waves have an associated frequency. This is
only part of the truth, however, since usually they have
several frequencies at the same time. This is because a
noteworthy mathematical theorem called Fourier's
Theorem (after the French mathematician Fourier, who
discovered it), which states that any periodic waveshape
may be alternatively created by superposing different
waves of a special shape called sine wave (or
sinusoid), each of which has a frequency that is an
integer multiple of the frequency of the original wave. So,
when we hear a 100 Hz sound, we are actually hearing
sine waves of frequencies 100 Hz, 200 Hz, 300 Hz,
400 Hz, 500 Hz and so on.
SOUND INTENSITY
• Why are some sounds louder than others?
There are many reasons, but the main one is
traceable to the amplitude of sound waves. The
amplitude of a sound wave is the maximum
excess pressure of the sound wave in each
cycle. In the case of noise, the amplitud may be
continuously changing, and it is customary to
compute some sort of average. There are
several approaches to the analysis of loudness,
which may be found in the accompanying
document on Sound Levels.
PERIODIC WAVES
• Actually, most waves are the result of many succesive
disturbances of the medium, instead of only one. When
those disturbances are generated at regular intervals
and are all the same shape we are in the presence of a
periodic wave, and the number of disturbances per unit
time is called the frequency of the wave. It is expressed
in a unit called Hertz (Hz), meaning cycles per second (a
cycle is all that happens in between a disturbance). In
the case of sound waves, frequency is between 20 Hz
and 20,000 Hz. Acoustic waves of frequency smaller
than 20 Hz are called infrasounds, and those of
frequency greater than 20,000 Hz are called
ultrasounds.
APERIODIC WAVES
• Even if there are many sounds which are nearly periodic,
such as those sounds produced by pitched musical
instruments, the vast majority of sounds in Nature are
aperiodic, that is, succesive disturbances are not
equally spaced in time, and are not of constant shape
either. This is what in a technical sense is called noise.
Aperiodic waves usually cannot convey the sensation of
pitch. Some examples are the consonants of speech,
urban noise, the noise of the wind and the sea, and the
sound of many percussive instruments such as drums,
charlestons, etc.
THANX TO AIF DE PROGRAM
• PROJECT MADE BY STUDENTS OF
GOVT. GIRLS SEN. SEC.
SCHOOL,PHILLAUR(DISTT
JALANDHAR) WITH THE HELP OF
BOOKS OF SCIENCE AND INTERNET.

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