Aula Teorica 1 Instrumentação Biomédica

Instrumentação Biomédica
Conceitos Fundamentais
JCMetrôlho, Out. 07
Biomedical engineers work in a variety of fields
•Bioinstrumentation
•Biomaterials
•Biomechanics
•Biosignals
•Biosystems
•Biotransport
•Cellular engineering
•Clinical engineering
•Tissue engineering
•Rehabilitation engineering
Instrumentação Biomédica 2
Biomedical engineers work in a variety of disciplines
•Agriculture Soil monitoring
•Botany Measurements of metabolism
•Genetics Human genome project
•Medicine Anesthesiology
•Microbiology Tissue analysis
•Pharmacology Chemical reaction monitoring
•Veterinary science Neutering of animals
•Zoology Organ modeling
Biomedical engineers may work in a variety of
environments
Industry
•Industry
Government
•Government
Clinical Institutions
•Clinical Institutions
AcademicResearch
•AcademicResearch
In the scientific method, a hypothesis is tested by
experiment to determine its validity
P r o b le m R e v ie w S ta te P e rfo rm
s ta te m e n t p r io r w o r k h y p o th e s is e x p e r im e n t s
D e s ig n f u r th e r A n a ly z e F in a l
e x p e r im e n t s d a ta c o n c lu s io n s
M o re
P r o b le m
e x p e r im e n t s
s o lv e d
n e c e s s a ry
The physician obtains the history, examines the patient, performs
tests to determine the diagnosis and prescribes treatment.
L is t t h e T re a tm e n t
C h ie f O b t a in E x a m in a t io n
d if f e r e n t ia l and
c o m p la in t h is to r y a n d te s ts
d ia g n o s is e v a lu a t io n
U s e d a ta
S e le c t f u r th e r F in a l
to n a rro w th e
te s ts d ia g n o s is
d ia g n o s is
M o re th a n O n ly o n e
o n e lik e ly lik e ly
A typical measurement system uses sensors to measure the variable,
has signal processing and display, and may provide feedback.
O u tp u ts
S ig n a l S ig n a l D a ta
Sensor
M e a s u ra n d c o n d it io n in g p r o c e s s in g d is p la y s
Feedback
D a ta D a ta
E ffe c to r
s to ra g e c o m m u n ic a t io n
Without the clinician, the patient may be operating in an ineffective
closed loop system. (b) The clinician provides knowledge to provide
an effective closed loop system.
Patient
Instrument
Patient Clinician
Instrument
(a) (b)
In some situations, a patient may monitor vital signs and notify a
clinician if abnormalities occur.
A b n o rm a l
C lin ic ia n r e a d in g s P a t ie n t In s tru m e n t
Common medical measurands
Measurement Range Frequency, Hz Method
Blood flow 1 to 300 mL/s 0 to 20 Electromagnetic or ultrasonic
Blood pressure 0 to 400 mmHg 0 to 50 Cuff or strain gage
Cardiac output 4 to 25 L/min 0 to 20 Fick, dye dilution
Electrocardiography 0.5 to 4 mV 0.05 to 150 Skin electrodes
Electroencephalography 5 to 300 µ V 0.5 to 150 Scalp electrodes
Electromyography 0.1 to 5 mV 0 to 10000 Needle electrodes

Electroretinography 0 to 900 µ V 0 to 50 Contact lens electrodes
pH 3 to 13 pH units 0 to 1 pH electrode
pCO2 40 to 100 mmHg 0 to 2 pCO2 electrode
pO2 30 to 100 mmHg 0 to 2 pO2 electrode
Pneumotachography 0 to 600 L/min 0 to 40 Pneumotachometer
2 to 50
Respiratory rate 0.1 to 10 Impedance
breaths/min
Temperature 32 to 40 °C 0 to 0.1 Thermistor
Sensor specifications for a blood pressure sensor are
determined by a committee composed of individuals from
academia, industry, hospitals, and government.
Specification Value
Pressure range –30 to +300 mmHg
Overpressure without damage –400 to +4000 mmHg
Maximum unbalance ±75 mmHg
Linearity and hysteresis ± 2% of reading or ± 1 mmHg
Risk current at 120 V 10 µA
Defibrillator withstand 360 J into 50 Ω
Control
And
feedback
Power
Sensor source
Perceptible
Primary Variable output
Signal Output
Measurand Sensing Conversion processing display
element element
Calibration Data Data

signal storage transmission
Radiation,
electric current,
or other applied
energy
Figure 1.1 Generalized instrumentation system The sensor converts energy or
information from the measurand to another form (usually electric). This signal is the
processed and displayed so that humans can perceive the information. Elements and
connections shown by dashed lines are optional for some applications.
© From J. G. Webster (ed.), Medical instrumentation: application and design. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
 Mensuranda: quantidade física, propriedade ou
condição que se pretende medir
 biopotencial
 temperatura
 impedância
 pressão, fluxo
 concentração química
 força, aceleração, velocidade, deslocamento
 dimensões (imagiologia)
Sensores
 Transdutor: dispositivo que converte uma forma
de energia noutra
 Sensor: converte uma mensuranda (valor de
entrada) para grandeza eléctrica (valor de
saída)
 responder apenas à forma de energia da mensuranda
 interface com o tecido vivo, extraindo a menor
energia possível
 minimamente invasivo
Condicionamento de sinal
 Amplificar o sinal eléctrico relevante
 Filtrar ruído ou outros sinais indesejáveis
 Limitar amplitudes máximas
 Adaptar impedâncias entre os diferentes
componentes
 Converter entre diferentes grandezas
eléctricas
Visualização
 Resultado do processo de medição em
formato adequado para fácil percepção
 numérico
 gráfico
 contínuo ou intermitente
 permanente ou temporário
 visual, acústico, …
Componentes auxiliares
 sinal de calibração o mais a montante possível
na cadeia de medição
 controlo e realimentação para ajuste de sensor,
condicionamento e visualização
 automático ou manual
 armazenamento
 temporário ou de arquivo
 comunicação
 local ou remota
Modos de funcionamento
 directo ou indirecto
 a grandeza que se pretende conhecer não está
acessível
 escolhe-se mensuranda com relação conhecida
 contínuo ou por amostragem
 variações rápida (frequência cardiaca) ou lenta
(temperatura do corpo)
 sensores
 geradores: retiram energia da mensuranda
 moduladores: mensuranda controla fluxo de energia
de fonte auxiliar
Modos de funcionamento
 analógico ou digital
 exactidão
 repetibilidade
 fiabilidade
 imunidade ao ruído
 processamento e visualização
 tempo real ou diferido
 necessidade de processar sinal pode atrasar a
disponibilidade dos resultados
Measurement Range Frequency, Hz Method
Blood flow 1 to 300 mL/s 0 to 20 Electromagnetic or ultrasonic
Blood pressure 0 to 400 mmHg 0 to 50 Cuff or strain gage
Cardiac output 4 to 25 L/min 0 to 20 Fick, dye dilution
Electrocardiography 0.5 to 4 mV 0.05 to 150 Skin electrodes
Electroencephalography 5 to 300 µ V 0.5 to 150 Scalp electrodes
Electromyography 0.1 to 5 mV 0 to 10000 Needle electrodes

Electroretinography 0 to 900 µ V 0 to 50 Contact lens electrodes
pH 3 to 13 pH units 0 to 1 pH electrode
pCO2 40 to 100 mmHg 0 to 2 pCO2 electrode
pO2 30 to 100 mmHg 0 to 2 pO2 electrode
Pneumotachography 0 to 600 L/min 0 to 40 Pneumotachometer
2 to 50
Respiratory rate 0.1 to 10 Impedance
breaths/min
Temperature 32 to 40 °C 0 to 0.1 Thermistor
Table 1.1 Medical and physiological parameters.

Specification Value
Pressure range –30 to +300 mmHg
Overpressure without damage –400 to +4000 mmHg
Maximum unbalance ±75 mmHg
Linearity and hysteresis ± 2% of reading or ± 1 mmHg
Risk current at 120 V 10 µA
Defibrillator withstand 360 J into 50 Ω
Sensor specifications for a blood pressure sensor are determined by a committee

composed of individuals from academia, industry, hospitals, and government.
Electrodes
vecg
50-Hz +Vcc
Z1
ac magnetic
Zbody
Z2 field
+
Differential
amplifier
vo
−
Displacement
currents Vcc
Figure 1.2 Simplified electrocardiographic recording system Two possible interfering

inputs are stray magnetic fields and capacitively coupled noise. Orientation of patient
cables and changes in electrode-skin impedance are two possible modifying inputs. Z1
and Z2 represent the electrode-skin interface impedances.
Características estáticas
 Exactidão
 Precisão
 Resolução
 Reprodutibilidade
 Controlo estatístico
 Sensibilidade estática
Characteristic with zero and sensitivity drift
y (Output) Total error due to drift
y (Output)
+ Sensitivity
∆ y' drift
∆ x'd
− Zero drift
∆y ∆y
Slope m =
∆xd − Sensitivity drift
Intercept b ∆xd + Zero
drift
y = mxd + b
xd (Input) xd (Input)
(a) (b)
Figure 1.3 (a) Static-sensitivity curve that relates desired input xd to output y. Static
sensitivity may be constant for only a limited range of inputs. (b) Static sensitivity:
zero drift and sensitivity drift. Dotted lines indicate that zero drift and sensitivity drift
can be negative. [Part (b) modified from Measurement Systems: Application and
Design, by E. O. Doebelin. Copyright  1990 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. Used with permission
of McGraw-Hill Book Co.]
x1 y1 (x1 + y2) (y1 + y2)
Linear Linear
system system
and and
x2 y2 Kx1 Ky1
Figure 1.4 (a) Basic definition of Linear
system
Linear
system
linearity for a system or element. (a)
The same linear system or element
is shown four times for different
Least-squares
inputs. (b) A graphical illustration straight line
of independent nonlinearity equals y (Output)
B% of full scale
±A% of the reading, or ±B% of full
scale, whichever is greater (that is, A% of reading
whichever permits the larger
error). [Part (b) modified from
Measurement Systems: Application
and Design, by E. O. Doebelin.
Copyright  1990 by McGraw-Hill, Overall tolerance band
Inc. Used with permission of
McGraw-Hill Book Co.] xd (Input)
Point at which
A% of reading = B% of full scale
(b)
Output y(t)
+ +
Figure 1.6 (a) A low- x(t) C y(t)

Slope = K = 1
pass RC filter, an − −
example of a first-order (a) (b)

Input x(t)
instrument. (b) Static

x(t) Log Y (jω)
sensitivity for constant scale X (jω)
inputs. (c) Step response
for larger time constants 1
y(t)
1.0
0.707 τS
(τL) and small time
constants (τS). (d) τL
ωL ωS Log scale ω
Sinusoidal frequency (c)
t
(d)
response for large and y(t) φ
small time constants.

1 0°
τS Log scale ω
0.63 τL
− 45°
−90°
τS τL t
Figure 1.7 (a) Force-
measuring spring scale,
an example of a second-
Output Input
order instrument. (b) displacement
0
Force x(t)
Static sensitivity. (c) Step y(t)

Output y(t)
response for overdamped
case 1
ζ = 2, critically damped Slope K =
Ks
case Input x(t)

(a) (b)
ζ = 1, underdamped case x(t)
Log
Y (jω) Resonance
ζ = 0.5. (d) Sinusoidal scale X (jω)

K
1
steady-state frequency 2
1
0.5
response, ζ = 2, ζ = 1, ζ =
Log scale ω
0.5. [Part (a) modified t ωn
from Measurement (c)

y(t)
(d)
φ ωn
Log scale ω
0°
Systems: Application and yn
yn + 1 0.5
2
Design, by E. O. Doebelin. 1 1
Ks -90°
Copyright  1990 by
0.5
McGraw-Hill, Inc. Used 2
1
-180°
with permission of t
McGraw-Hill Book Co.]
Figure 1.8 Design process for
medical instruments Choice
and design of instruments are
affected by signal factors, and
also by environmental, medical,
and economic factors. (Revised
from Transducers for
Biomedical Measurements:
Application and Design, by R. S.
C. Cobbold. Copyright  1974,
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Used
by permission of John Wiley and
Sons, Inc.)

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Instrumentação Biomédica

Electrocardiography 0.5 to 4 mV 0.05 to 150 Skin electrodes

Electroencephalography 5 to 300 µ V 0.5 to 150 Scalp electrodes

Electromyography 0.1 to 5 mV 0 to 10000 Needle electrodes

Calibration Data Data

Electrocardiography 0.5 to 4 mV 0.05 to 150 Skin electrodes

Electroencephalography 5 to 300 µ V 0.5 to 150 Scalp electrodes

Electromyography 0.1 to 5 mV 0 to 10000 Needle electrodes

Table 1.1 Medical and physiological parameters.

Sensor specifications for a blood pressure sensor are determined by a committee

Figure 1.2 Simplified electrocardiographic recording system Two possible interfering

Figure 1.6 (a) A low- x(t) C y(t)

example of a first-order (a) (b)

instrument. (b) Static

response for large and y(t) φ

small time constants.

Static sensitivity. (c) Step y(t)

case Input x(t)

ζ = 0.5. (d) Sinusoidal scale X (jω)

from Measurement (c)

McGraw-Hill Book Co.]

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