16917 Electric Power Systems

Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism
Aim: impart an understanding of
electromagnetic principles
Important as electromagnetism underpins
the operation of many electrical machines
Linkage between electrical and
mechanical worlds
Electromagnetism
Magnetic field around a
bar magnet
Two poles dictated by
direction of the field
Opposite poles attract
(aligned magnetic field)
Same poles repel
(opposing magnetic field)
Electromagnetism
Field Detector
Can use a compass to
map out magnetic field
Field forms closed flux
lines around the
magnet
Magnetic flux measured
in Webers (Wb)
Symbol
Magnetic Field Conductor
A magnetic field also
forms round a
conductor along which
a current is flowing
Field can be described
using right hand screw
rule
Right Hand Rule
Thumb indicates
direction of current flow
Finger curl indicates
the direction of field
Wire Coil
Notice that a coil of
wire will produce a
perpendicular field
Magnetic field: coil
A series of coils produces a field similar
to a bar magnet but weaker!
Magnetic field: coil
Placing a ferrous material inside
the coil increases the magnetic
field
Acts to concentrate the field also
notice field lines are parallel
inside ferrous element
flux density has increased
Flux Density
A
u
= B
A

Flux density measured in Teslas
(T)
Permeability

Permeability is a measure of
the ease by which a magnetic
flux can pass through a
material (Wb/Am)
Permeability of free space o
= 4 x 10
-7
(Wb/Am)
Relative permeability:

o
o
r

=
Reluctance: resistance to
flow of magnetic flux



Associated with magnetic
circuit flux equivalent to
current
Whats equivalent of voltage?
Reluctance
A
l

= 9
9
A

(At/Wb)
Magnetomotive Force
Coil generates
magnetic field in
ferrous torroid
Driving force F
needed to overcome
torroid reluctance
Magnetic equivalent
of ohms law

9
I

9
9
9
= u
F
F
F
(T)
Circuit Analogy
9
u
F
9
Magnetomotive Force
The MMF is generated by the coil
Strength related to number of turns and
current measured in Ampere turns (At)

9
= u
NI
F = NI
Field Intensity
The longer the magnetic path the greater
the MMF required to drive the flux
Magnetomotive force per unit length is
known as the magnetizing force or field
intensity H


Magnetizing force and flux density related
by:

H = B
H=F / l (At/m)
(T)
Hysteresis
The relationship between B and H is
complicated by non-linearity and
hysteresis



B
H
B
r
H
c
Example
Find the value of I needed to
develop a magnetic flux of 4 x
10
-4
Wb
The permeability of the
material is 1.818 x 10
-3

Wb/Am
Flux density


9
A = 2 x 10
-3
m
2
l = 0.16 m

N = 400 turns

m At
B
H
T
A
B
/ 110
10 818 . 1
2 . 0
2 . 0
10 2
10 4
3
3
4
=

= =
=

=
u
=

Example


9
A = 2 x 10
-3
m
2
l = 0.16 m

N = 400 turns

mA
N
Hl
I
Hl NI F
44
400
16 . 0 110
=

= =
= =
F
Example 2


A = 9 x 10
-4
m
2
l = 0.3 m

N = 500 turns

Find the flux if the flux
density is 1.0 T
The current in the coil
The magnetic field
strength in the air gap and
in the magnetic core (
r
=
70,000)


l = 0.0005 m

r
= 70,000
Example 2




g c g c
c
g
g c
F F F
Wb A
m l
m l
m A A
+ = 9 u + 9 u =
= = = u
=
=
= =

4 4
2 4
10 9 10 9 0 . 1
3 . 0
0005 . 0
10 9
B
F
F
c
+ F
g
To find current need
to find MMF use
ohms law
equivalent!
Circuit Analogy
c
9
u
F
g
9
Example 2


At F
Wb At
A
l
g g
g o
c
g
9 . 397 10 42 . 4 10 9
/ 10 42 . 4
) 10 9 )( 10 4 (
10 5
5 4
5
4 7
4
= = 9 u =
=


= = 9

t

F
g
At F
Wb At
A
l
c g
c o r
c
c
41 . 3 4 . 3789 10 9
/ 4 . 3789
) 10 9 )( 10 4 )( 10 7 (
3 . 0
4
4 7 4
= = 9 u =
=

= = 9

t
F
c
Air Gap:
Core:
Example 2




F = F
c
+

F
g
A
N
F
I
At
8 . 0
500
31 . 401
31 . 401 9 . 397 41 . 3
= = =
= +
F

Example 2




m At H
m At H
o
g
o r
c
/ 10 96 . 7
) 10 4 (
1
/ 37 . 11
) 10 4 )( 10 7 (
1
5
7
7 4
=

= =
=

= =

t
t
B
B
Electromagnetic Force
Magnets can repel or
attract
Related to density of
magnetic flux B (T)
Force acts from
regions of high flux
density to low flux
density
Electromagnetic Force
Similar case arises
with current carrying
conductors
Force acts from high
flux density to low flux
density
Force perpendicular to
flux
+
Left Hand (motor) Rule
Relationship between thrust
(force), field and current
force on wire due to field and
current
Use aide memoire left hand
rule
thuMb Motion (force)
First finger Field
seCond finger - Current
Simple Example
Current carrying
conductor in a
magnetic field
Direction of the force?
Simple Example
FORCE
field
current
force
Simple Example
If we look at this
example closely we
have:
wire length l (m - within field)
flux density B (T)
current I (A)

BIl F
em
=
F
em
l
I
B
Linear Motor
Induced force on the
current carrying
conductor is the basis
for electric motors
current flux
motion
Elementary motor (rail
gun)
Current applied to rails
to move sliding
conductor


I
l
F
em

Linear Generator
Consider the opposite
situation
We force conductor
through external
magnetic field with
velocity v
Induces a voltage
(EMF) between rails
and a flow of current


l
v
Linear Generator
Induced EMF and current
oppose external force acting on
conductor
Electrical power of this force is eI
Mechanical power Fv
Remember F=BIl

e
l
v
I
Blv e
BIlv eI
=
=
Lenzs Law
The direction of the emf is
such that it tends to
induce a current which
opposes the motion or
change in flux responsible
for inducing the emf
e
l
v
I
Right Hand (generator) Rule
Relationship between velocity
(force), field and emf wire
moved through field inducing
emf
Use aide memoire right
hand rule
thuMb Motion
First finger Field
sEcond finger - EMF
Linear Generator
e
l
v
I
dt
d
e
BA
dt
dBA
dt
dA
B
dt
dx
Bl e
dt
dx
v Blv e
u
=
= u =
= =
= =
x
Voltage induced
proportional to
magnetic flux passing
through loop area A

A
Faradays Law
Linear generator was equivalent to magnetic
flux passing through a coil of 1 turn
For magnetic flux passing through a coil of N
turns the induced emf is:




Otherwise known as Faradays Law
dt
d
N e
u
=
Example
Sliding rod AB is in contact with rails AD and BC
uniform magnetic field of 0.5 (T)
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the induced
EMF if the rod is moved to the right at 4m/s
If the total resistance ABCD is 0.2 ohms find the force
needed to keep the rod in motion
Compare the mechanical work done with heat
dissipation (I
2
R)


L=0.5m
v
A
B
C
D
Example


Use right hand rule for EMF

Force



Rate of mechanical work = power

Rate of heat development (electrical power)

V Blv e 1 4 5 . 0 5 . 0 = = =
N F
A
R
V
I BIl F
25 . 1 5 . 0 5 5 . 0
5
2 . 0
1
= =
= = = =
W Fv P
m
5 4 25 . 1 = = =
W R I P
e
5 2 . 0 5
2 2
= = =