Hetertrophic Phototrophic Unstable fish oil Thraustochytrid Low PUFA supply Saprophytic content Microalgal oil = High growth

rate Low growth sustainable rate Low toxin Difficult/expens content Reliable Oil production Omega oils ive to cultivate DHA &EPA production Human Nutrition Precise lipid Infant development profile High quality oil (essentiality of microalgae) Pregnancy Cognitive functioning DHA Cell membrane integrity General health (heart & Carbon source brain) Defined glucose Animal nutrition Industrial Benefits similar to Food processing waste human nutrition Fruit Higher survival Milk Improved reproduction Glycerol Fish, live feed, Alcoholic beverage processing poultry waste Higher value products Nitrogen source DHA eggs Agricultural fertilizers DHA milk Corn Steep Liquor Improved pathway unique in Omega-3 desaturationfish Yeast Extract lipid profile microalgae (primary source of n-3) Aquacultural waste water Required metabolites C:N ratio very important for lipid Glucose accumulation and overproduction Citric acid Seawater Content corrosion, Malic acid sufficient micronutrients, limit ClAcetic acid Extracellular polysaccharides ethanol produced in response to unnecessary medium components

Classification

Need

Historical cultivation

Uses / Applications

Microalgal production of PUFA

Commercially produced by Martek Bioscience (infant formula) Algemac Ulkenia prod in Switzerland Microalgal DHA produced in China (unknown companies) Primrose oil = first microalgal oil viablly produced

Medium Development

Cultivation Conditions

Biosynthesis

Fed Batch 2 Stage cultivation Stage 1 High C, high N, high aeration Stage 2 High C, Low N, mid high aeration Monitor D.O. and shear rate (exceptionally high shear tolerance for microalgae) T, pH, D.O., Volume vary with time and desired lipid content Sterilization protocol important Downstream processing important (needs to be co-

Journal References: Medium Development

B. Quilodran, I. Hinzpeter, E. Hormazabal, A. Quiroz, C. Shene, 2010. Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3, DHA) and astaxanthin production by Thraustochytriidae sp. AS4-A1 a native strain with high similitude to Ulkenia sp.: Evaluation of liquid residues from food industry as nutrient sources. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 47, 24-30. P. Unagul, C. Assantachai, S. Phadungruengluij, M. Suphantharika, M. Tanticharoen, C. Verduyn, 2006, Coconut water as a medium additive for the production of docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n3) by Schizochytrium mangrovei Sk-02. Bioresource Technology 98. 281 287. Uses / Applications M.R. Miller, P.D. Nichols, C.G. Carter, 2007, Replacement of fish oil with thraustochytrid Schizochytrium sp. L oil in Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar L) diets. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A 148. 382392. Historical Cultivation O. P. Ward, A. Singh, 2005, Omega-3/6 fatty acids: Alternative sources of production. Process Biochemistry 30. 3627-3652. (Review Article) Cultivation Conditions A. N. Jakobsen, I. M. Aasen, K. D. JosefsenA. R. Strm, 2008, Accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid-rich lipid in thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. strain T66: effects of N and P starvation and O2 limitation. Applied Microbial Biotechnology 80. 297 306.