Input Output Devices and Physical Devices Used to Construct Memory

Presented By : Shivangi Nigam(138) Shireesh Bangar(136)

INPUT DEVICES
Entering data or instructions into a computer is called input An input device is a device which enters data or instructions into a computer It is necessary to convert data into a form which can be understood by computers

Some Input Devices are

Some Input Devices are

The Mouse
It controls the cursor on the screen It has two or three buttons and a cable connecting it to the computer It is easy to operate Once the cursor is at the desired location, the user can give instructions to the computer by clicking the button

The Joystick
A joystick looks like a stick fixed onto a box

It controls the cursor on the screen

It is alternate to the mouse

The Keyboard
Keyboards come in different shapes and sizes depending on the type of brand It controls the cursor on the screen It is alternate to the mouse

The Scanner
This looks like a photocopying machine

Its function is to scan any document placed on its flat glass It sends the contents to the computer

The Bar Code Reader

The black and white lines printed on certain products which represent information like the country of origin, the price of it etc are bar codes They can be read by a bar code reader which are commonly used in Supermarkets and shops

OUTPUT DEVICES
The information we get from the computer is known as output The computer presents this information through these devices

Some Output Devices are

Some Output Devices are

The Monitor
The monitor is one of the most important output devices, it is used to display text and pictures The monitor is also known as the Visual Display Unit (VDU)

The Printer
There are several types of printers, some are: Dot matrix - Consists of a print head with a number of pins which move in and out to print in the form of dots Ink- jet - Consists of a print head with a number of tiny nozzles and coloured ink to form tiny dots Laser - Prints images by transferring ink powder onto a piece of paper using a laser beam

The Plotter
A plotter produces its output using special pens across the paper to create a drawing Engineers, architects and designers use plotters to produce their drawings or designs

The Microfilm
The computer can also output its data on film

A microfilm is a film available in the form of reels

Large amounts of data can be stored this way

PHYSICAL DEVICES USED TO CONSTRUCT MEMORY

Memory Cell A Capacitor Storage Cell

A Flip-Flop Storage Cell

Memory Cell
Binary Cell can be placed in one or two stable states Two stable states are:(a) 1 State (b) 0 State Input line is to feed the data to be written The data stored in the cell appears on the output line When data is to be written, a signal is placed on write line

When data is to be read , a signal is placed on the read line

If a 1 is to be written in a cell, voltage representing a one is fed to the input line

A Capacitor Storage Cell

A capacitance can be in two states :(a) A state which is fully charged i.e. 1 state (b) Another which is fully discharged i.e. 0 state If a 1 is to be written in the cell, a voltage V is to be applied to the input line and a write signal is applied to the write line.

Advantages

Capacitor Storage Cell is inexpensive The area required to fabricate a cell is very small

Disadvantages

Capacitor Storage Cell is volatile The read out from this cell is also destructive

Uses

This storage cell is the one used to fabricate what is known as Dynamic Random Access Memory(DRAM)

A Flip-Flop Storage Cell

Flip-Flop uses four Switches to store either a 0 or a 1

Advantages

It takes lesser time to store a bit in it The data stored in a cell is not lost with passage of time

The readout from a flip - flop is non - destructive

Disadvantages

Flip-Flops are more expensive It occupy more space as they use four switches They need continuous application of power to maintain their state when power fails the stored data is lost

Uses

It is used to fabricate what is known as Static Random Access Memory(SRAM)