CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

THE VASCULAR SYSTEM

is composed of the heart, blood vessels and blood.

Arteries carry blood from heart to body tissues and organs. They contain a high concentration of O2. They branch into ... Capillaries microscopic vassels. Functionally are the most important. The thinness of their walls makes it possible for the substances to pass readily into and out of the vessels.
The cardiovascular system

Veins carry blood back to the heart from body

organs and tissues. They are formed from venules. Cappilaries connect arterioles to venules. Methods of propulsions in order to return to the heart are muscular contraction, gravity, respiratory activity and valves. The blood carried in veins contains high concentrations of CO2.

The cardiovascular system

THE HEART
Hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood through the blood vessels. The heart has three distinctive layers of tissue: - the endocardium serous membrane - the myocardium muscular, middle layer - the epicardium external layer of the heart.

The cardiovascular system

Anatomy of the heart

The heart is divided into four chambers: right atrium and ventricle and left atrium and ventricle.

The cardiovascular system

 The two upper chambers collect blood. The two lower chambers pump blood from the heart.

The right side of the heart provides for oxygenation of blood and the left side is responsible for transportation of blood to and from body cells.
Blood that carries carbon dioxide CO2 is transported to the heart by way of two large veins: the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava.

The cardiovascular system

BLOOD PRESSURE (BP)

Each heartbeat is composed of : - the contraction systole - the relaxation diastole. Blood pressure is measured by a device called a sphygmomanometer.

Factors that influence the blood pressure are resistance of blood flow, the pumping action of the heart, the viscosity or thickness of blood etc.
Elevated pressure hypertension, Decreased pressure hypotension.
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The conductive System of the Heart

The conductive tissue consists of four masses: - sinoatrial node - atrioventricular node - bundle of His - Purkinje fibres Each electrical impulse discharged by the S A node is transmitted to the A V node causing the atria to contract.
The cardiovascular system

 From A V node bundle of His relays the impulse to both right and left ventricles causing them to contract.

The cardiovascular system

Electrocardiogram (EKG)
is the record used to detect electrical changes in heart muscle as the heart beats. EKG tracings consist of 3 major components: the P wave, which indicates atrial depolarization, the QRS complex ventricular depolarization, and the T wave ventricular repolarization

The cardiovascular system

PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Coronary Artery Disease Valvular Heart Disease Varicose Veins Arrhytmias Rheumatic Heart Disease Heart Murmur Hypertensive Heart Disease Congestive Heart Failure Arterial Hypertension Aneurysm Raynauds phenomenom
The cardiovascular system

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Coronary arteries fail to deliver the amount of blood that is required by the heart muscle.
Areas of heart experience ischemia.

Usually it is result of arteriosclerosis.

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Myocardial ichemia causes angina pectoris. The use of nitroglycerine brings relief. If pain cannot be controlled by medication, a bypass surgery may be required.

The cardiovascular system

 Coronary Artery Disease may produce an acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In that case blood supply in the coronary artery is totally suppressed, causing tissue death. The clinical symptoms are: - intense angina - profuse sweating - paleness - dyspnea.

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Valvular Heart Disease

Birth defects or certain infections may produce scarring of the valves.

There may be narrowing of the valves (stenosis) or an inability of the valves to close properly (valve insufficiency).

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 Patients who have had open heart surgery are more susceptible to infections of the inner lining of the chambers of the heart bacterial endocarditis.

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Varicose Veins
Varicose veins develop when damage occurs to the valves of the veins.
Backflow of the blood causes the veins to enlarge. Stagnation may cause thrombus and more serious condition embolism.

The cardiovascular system

Arrhythmias
An arrhythmia is a disorder of the heart rate (pulse) or heart rhythm.

A heart block can be a blockage at any level of the electrical conduction system of the heart.

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 Flutter rapid but regular contraction heart rhythm can reach up to 240 to 260 beats per minute.
Fibrillation rapid, random and irregular contractions. The order to restore the normal heart rhythm defibrillator is applied to the chest wall.
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Rheumatic Heart Disease

Heart disease caused by rheumatic fever. Usually occurs in childhood. Valves become inflammed.

Mitral stenosis due to weaking of the myocardium.

Treatment drugs and surgery of the damaged valve.

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Heart Murmor
An extra heart sound, heard between normal heart sounds.

Congestive Heart Failure

The heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood. Blood accumulates in lungs and liver.

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Arterial Hypertension
High blood pressure in arteries. Essential (idiopatic) and secondary hypertension (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis etc) Treatment drugs diuretics and beta blockers, limited salt intake, change of lifestyle.

The cardiovascular system

Aneurysm
Aneurysm is the local widening of the artery. Aneurysmectomy removal of the aneurysm and bypass arterial segment.

The cardiovascular system

Raynauds phenomenom
Short episodes of pallor and numbness in the fingers and toes due to constriction of the arteriolas in the skin.

The cardiovascular system