Board Review
Research defined
A systematic search for understanding, an attempt to gain solutions, discover and develop an organized body of knowledge
Nursing Research
Concerned with the systematic study and assessment of nursing problems or phenomena, finding ways to improve nursing practice and patient care through creative studies, initiating change and taking action to make new knowledge useful to nursing
Applied Research
Application of knowledge to solve problems
Action Research
Study of certain problem where conclusions are drawn
Characteristics of research
1. Involves gathering of new data from new sources 2. Directed towards the solution of problem 3. Analytical and empirical 4. Requires expertise 5. Logical, honest and innovative 6. Can be replicated 7. Carefully recorded
NP and NS
Nursing process is similar to research process both consist of a number of closely related activities that overlap Both involve problem solving and the use of logical systems of inductive and deductive reasoning
steps
1. Formulate the Problem
Define the problem Define purpose of research Review related literature Formulate theoretical framework Define the population State the SPECIFIC research problem State the assumptions State the scope and limitation Define the research terms
steps
2. Formulate the hypothesis 3. Determine research design and methodology 4. Select and develop tools for data collection 5. Develop analysis of data plan
steps
6. Collect the data 7. Organize and process the data
Snowball or network sampling= data are collected from those referred by another person
STEP 2
Formulate Hypothesis Hypothesis is a scientific guess. It is only tested not proved 1. Simple hypothesis 2. Complex hypothesis 3. Null hypothesis= assumption that there is NO difference
Step 2
Variable A quality, property or characteristic of a person or thing to be studied that can be quantitatively measured It is a factor that varies
Step 2
Variable 1. INDEPENDENT Variable= the presumed CAUSE. The one MANIPULATED by the researcher 2. DEPENDENT VARIABLE= the presumed EFFECT or the response. It is otherwise called CRITERION
VARIBALE
Step 2
Variable 3. EXTRANEOUS or UNCONTROLLED or CONFOUNDING variable= variable that may affect the dependent variable
Step 2
Variable Dichotomous variable= sex Polychotomous variable= many categories
Step 3
Research Design 1. EXPERIMENTAL research
Conducted in a specialized setting
Step 3
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH approach Describes and interprets what IS and reveals conditions and relationships that EXIST or DO NOT exist Survey, Case analysis, comparative studies, relationship studies
Step 3
DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH approach Survey Data are gathered from a relatively LARGE number of cases at a particular time 1. Normative survey= norms or typical condition 2. Social survey= current social problem 3. Community survey 4. School survey
Non-experimental
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Less expensive
Completed in SHORT time Cooperation of subjects easily obtained Translation of findings is more acceptable to consumers of research Use for PREDICTIVE purpose
CANNOT establish causal relationships NOT used for diagnosis and explanation NOT always useful for theory development Difficult to get financial aid
CANNOT be applied to test a program or procedure
Step 4
Select data collection method 1. Reliability= ACCURACY or precision of the tool. The measurements are the same if REPEATED
Step 4
Select data collection method 2. VALIDITY= relevancy of measurements. It measures what it is supposed to measure
Step 4
Select data collection method 3. SENSITIVITY= measures the fine differences among the subjects
Step 5
Develop the data analysis plan consider how the data should be analyze
Step 6
COLLECTION OF DATA 1. Use of existing records 2. Observation 3. Questionnaire 4. interview
Data
Nominal data Data that can be organized into CATEGORIES of a defined property but cannot be compared Used when data can be assigned categories that can be ranked
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Step 6
Questionnaire The most common Written in a form that is distributed Questions constructed and pre-tested carefully 1. FREE response/ unstructured= respondents can write 2. Close-ended/Structured= respondents just check the prepared response
Step 6 Questionnaire
Advantages Disadvantages
Simple method
Responses may lack depth Less time consumed Omission of items Data gathered can be widely scattered Responses may not be the actual responses Researcher does not Printing, distribution need to see respondents and collection are personally expensive and maybe difficult
Step 6
INTERVIEW Second most common Relevant ideas and depth van be explored 1. Structured interview= read to the respondents 2. Unstructured interview= guide questions only
Advantages
Step 6 Interview
Step 6
Observation Most directive means Common in nursing care research 1. Participant observation= investigator blends with subject 2. Non-participant= use of weighing scale, BP to monitor quantitative changes
Step 6: Observation
Advantages Valuable in studying nursing practice Inexpensive. Can be continued anytime Subjects are available Simple to develop Allows view of situation Disadvantages Observed clients are subject to bias Events may occur rapidly and impossible to record Extensive training necessary Time needed to wait for the occurrence Difficult to be always PRESENT to view
Step 6
HAWTHORNE effect People may INTENTIONALY change their behavior because they know that they are being studied
Step 6
HALO effect Observer may have the TENDENCY to rate certain subjects as either LOW or HIGH depending on the impression the subject gives to the observer
Step 7
ORGANIZE AND PROCESS DATA Editing Coding Scoring Sealing summarizing Use of tables and computer to calculate the data
Step 7
ORGANIZE AND PROCESS DATA For QUALITATIVE DATA Rate and percentages For QUANTITATIVE DATA Measures of central tendency and measures of variation
Step 8
ANALYZE the DATA Draw meaning from the finding The researcher should be able to say if the NULL hypothesis is accepted or rejected
Step 9
FORMULATE CONCLUSIONS and Recommendations These are judgment about the data collected and the suggestions of possible application of the research
Step 10
WRITE THE RESEARCH REPORT Report may be prepared for publication The MAIN purpose is to disseminate the findings of the study for others to utilize