PITY TARO BY : 13 B

MUNAWIRAH MIA PUSPITA ASSYIFA AZIZAH FERNENDES YOSANTARA PUTRA SELVI DINA SAFITRI HANIFAH AYU ANNISAH SITOMPUL INDAH A.R.BR.TOBING CHARAN KAMAL KAUR TOOR

SCENARIO

This morning taro, 16 years complained of abdominal pain and diarrhea for more than ten times since last night. his body felt weak, but taro feel thirsty, so he kept drinking water. her sister told taro so not only drink water, but drinking ORS for keluara minerals can also be replaced. taro also been taking antidiarrheal medication given her sister. although already taking medication and oral rehydration salts, taro is still suffering from diarrhea, but its frequency has begun to decrease. and poor for the taro, when the rush going to the bathroom because she wants to defecate, taro fall. His head bumped into the edge of the bath so that the wounds and bleeding. taro calling for help, her brother came and checked the wound in his head. taro's brother took him to the ER.

in the ED, the wound cleaned and stitched taro, but there is still blood merembes.taro looks very pale, although the blood that came out a little. ask your doctor blood type taro and a history of blood clotting disorders. taro only know the blood type A, but do not know any history of blood clots. taro wounds bandaged and doctors prescribe antibiotics to prevent infection. how do you explain what is experienced by taro?

SCHEME

GANGGUAN

DIARE

DEHIDRASI

HOMEOSTASIS

HEMATOPOEISIS

ORALIT

KOMPOSISI CAIRAN ELEKTROLIT

KOMPOSISI, FUNGSI DARAH

GOLONGAN DARAH

PEMBEKUAN DARAH

PENDARAHAN

LUKA

LEARNING OBJECTIVE

STUDENTS ABLE TO EXPLAIN: 1. COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS 2. PRINCIPLES HOMEOSTASIS 3. COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION OF BLOOD 4. HEMATOPOIESIS 5. FREEZING PROCESS OF BLOOD (HEMOSTASIS) 6. BLOOD GROUP DETERMINATION PROCESS

COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS

TBW ( Total Body Water ) : 45% - 50% 2/3 TBW = intercellular fluid (ICF) 1/3 TBW = extracellular fluid (ECF) Extracellular Fluid a. Interstitial fluid (ISF) b. Intervascular fluid (IVF) c. Specific secretion: - cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - interokular fluid - gastrointestinal secretions

Dissolved substances a. Non-electrolyte protein, urea, glucose, O2, CO2, organic acids. b. Electrolyte Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4, SO42-

PRINCIPLES HOMEOSTASIS

Principles of Homeostasis Homeostasis, is derived from the word Homeo means "equal" and Stasis means "to dwell or settle. Homeostasis is setting the conditions of static or constant in the environment in the body. The body facing the changing needs while he had to maintain the stability of internal environment that is needed by every cell and organ so that they can function as the body's systems work very organized and coordinated. Homeostasis does not mean settling but are "dynamic stability".

Body systems and an important contribution to homeostasis The circulatory system: transport of various substances Digestive System: Digestive System: describes the food and excrete the rest. respiratory system: take O2 and release CO2 Urinary system: remove the excess salt, water and electrolytes from plasma

 The skeletal system: support, network protection software, store, etc. Ca. Muscular system: moving the bone and close to food, away from danger, set the temperature Integumentary system: outer protective barrier that prevents internal fluid exit and entry of foreign microorganisms into the body and regulate the temperature by regulating the production of sweat and regulate blood flow to the skin.

Homeostasis is essential for the survival of cells, each cell through a particular activity each play a role and contribute to homeostasis as part of an organized system to maintain the internal environment that is shared by all cells, so take control of physiological.

COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION OF BLOOD

BLOOD PLASMA CONSIST OF : 1. Water 2. Proteins Albumin : 1. role in blood osmotic pressure 2. serves a variety of ligand binding Globulin : role in the information of an anti,especially gamma globulin Fibrinogen : coagulation 3. oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide

4. enzym 5. antibody 6. hormone 7. urea 8. nutrients and mineral salts 9. serum : white,clear,yellowish containing antibiotics, such us : presiptin lisin antitoxin

ERYTHROCYTES 1. bikonkaf,without core 2. yellowish 3. 4-5 million/mm3 4. formed in red bonne marrow, flat bone, in the heart 5. overhauled old erythrocytes in the spleen and liver 6. 120 days old 7. containing hemoglobin

PLATELETS 1. small, irregular, has no core 2. amounted to approximately 0.6 to 1% of blood cells 3. 8 days old 4. function in the process of blood clotting 5. issued trombokinase

leukocyte 1. irregular shape, has a 1-3 round or hollow core 2. amounted to 0.2% of blood cells 3. amoeboid move 4. can penetrate capillary walls, so called diapedesis 5. is phagocytosis 6. formed in red bone marrow, 7. if the amount is less than the standard then cause disease leukopenia 8.apabila excess will cause disease leukocytosis

leukocytes are divided into: 1.granulosit a. eosinophils b. Basophils c. Neutrophil 2. Agranulosit a. Monocytes b. Lymphocytes

a. eosinophils - Contain reddish spots - Essentially 2 pieces - To kill germs

b. Basophils - Containing blue spots - Have no nucleus - To increase the inflammatory reaction - To the displacement of other leukocytes

c. Neutrophil - Essentially 3 pieces - Age 7 hours function as microbial phagocytosis and damaged tissue

a. Monocytes - Essentially a large fruit and most - 3 days old - Fast-moving nature of phagocytes and

b. Lymphocytes - Essentially a fruit and smaller than the nucleus of monocyte - To generate antibody immunity and

HEMATOPOIESIS

DEFINITION HEMATOPOIESIS is the process of formation and development of blood cells.

STAGES OF HEMATOPOIESIS PROLIFERATION Increasing / doubling of the number of cells MATURATION Blood cell maturation process DIFFERENTIATION Some blood cells that form the special properties of different

PROLIFERATION AND MATURATION STAGE MESOBLASTIC From embryonic age of 2 weeks. Occurs in the yolk sac (pouch where food reserves for the ovum). The result is HbG1, HbG2, and HbPortland. HEPATIC From embryos aged 6 weeks. Occurs in the liver. Embryonic aged 12 weeks occurred in the spleen. Produce Hb. MIELOID From embryos aged 4 months. Occurs in three places: 1. Bone Marrow 2. Gland Lymph Node 3. Thymus

DIFFERENTIATION STAGE PROERITROBLAS Basophilic eritoblas> eritoblas cromatofilic> normoblas> reticulocyte> erythrocyte MIELOBLAS Promielost origin, has irregularities in its development and become granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

LIMFOBLAS Is the origin of lymphocytes MONOBLAS Is the origin of monocytes MEGACARIOBLAS Megacariocyte form, is the origin of platelet

FREEZING PROCESS OF BLOOD (HEMOSTASIS)

Blood clotting process = HEMOSTASIS

Hemostasis involves three main steps VASCULAR SPASM Reduce blood flow through the injured vessel. PLATELET PLUG FORMATION Platelet aggregation in place of injured vessels quickly patch the defects that occur. BLOOD COAGULATION Transformation of blood from a liquid to a gel blood.

FREEZING LEVEL INTRINSIC PATH all the necessary elements are available in the blood EXTRINSIC PATH make contacts with factors outside the network

BLOOD CLOTTING PROCESS

1. Platelet rupture, resulting trombokinase 2. Trombokinase with the help of calcium and vitamin K convert prothrombin into thrombin 3. Thrombin stimulates fibrinogen into fibrin

4. Yarn fibrin blood clot caused by fibrin threads shaped like a net that captures and prevents red blood cells out of blood vessels

BLOOD GROUP DETERMINATION PROCESS

CLASIFICATION OF ABO BLOOD GROUP

Based on the presence of aglutinogen and aglutinin Aglutinogen Found on the surface of erythrocytes Aglutinin Found on the blood plasma
Blood Group A B AB O Aglutinogen A B A, B Aglutinin B A A, B

Determination of ABO blood group system

done by giving aglutinin A and B in the blood that will be determined. with the requirements :
Blood Group A B AB O Serum aglutunin A Clotting accured No clotting accured Clotting accured No clotting accured Serum aglutunin B No clotting accured Clotting accured Clotting accured No clotting accured

RHESUS BLOOD CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Using the RhD antigen Classification : ~ If was found RhD factor, individuals who have called Rh + ~ If not RhD factor is found, then the individual is called Rh-