Energy

The

ability to do work

All

living things depend on

Energy

Where do we get it?

Autotrophs

Plants Heterotrophs Carnivore, herbivore, omnivore, Decomposer, scavenger

To survive, all organisms must release the energy stored in sugar and other compounds.

ATP
Adenosine

Triphosphate Used to store energy needed for life processes Page 202 fig 8-2

ADP
Adenosine

Diphosphate Has only 2 phosphates Page 203 fig 8-3

Working together:
Phosphate

groups can be added or taken away according to cell supply and need Energy stored in ATP is released when it is converted into ADP and 1 phosphate group

Glucose and ATP

Cells

only keep a small amt of ATP Glucose can store 90x the chemical energy of ATP More efficient to keep larger amounts of glucose

Glucose more value less mass

ATP less value more mass

Photosynthesis makes

Glucose

Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O = light = C6H1206 + 6O2

Carbon dioxide + water in the presence of light becomes sugar and oxygen

Chlorophyll
The

chief pigment in plants reflects green light absorbs red and blue Pigments are light absorbing molecules

Light

absorbed = energy absorbed from light Chlorophyll absorbs light Energy is transferred directly to electrons in the pigment raises the energy levels in these electrons

High

energy electrons make photosynthesis happen

NADPH
Nicotinamide

adenine dinucleotide phosphate Carrier molecule

NADP+ becomes NADPH

Energy

of sunlight is trapped in chemical form can be carried to chemical reactions else where in the cell

NADP+ becomes NADPH

Accepts

and holds 2 high energy electrons along with a Hydrogen ion H+ Page 209 figure 8-8

2 Reactions
Light

Dependent

takes place within the Thylakoid Discs Uses energy from sun to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen

2 Reactions
Calvin

Cycle

takes place in the stroma uses ATP and NADPH to produce high-energy sugars (GLUCOSE)

Factors Affecting Photosynthesis

Water Temperature Intensity Air

of Light

purity

Glucose is converted back into ATP through

Cellular Respiration Which occurs in the Mitochondria

Glycolysis

Quick production of ATP and NADH for cellular energy Releases only a small amount of energy

The

process in which 1 molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing 2 molecules of pyruvic acid (a 3 carbon compound) Net production of 2 ATP molecules

Anaerobic
If

Oxygen is not present, Glycolysis leads to the Fermentation

Aerobic

Oxygen is present, Glycolysis leads to the Krebs cycle and the Electron Transport Chain

If

2 Kinds of Fermentation
Lactic

Acid which produces lactic acid and 2NAD+ Alcoholic which produces alcohol, 2NAD+ and CO2

Without

oxygen, Glycoysis and Fermentation can make small amounts of ATP quickly, by working together

If

Oxygen is present, glycolysis leads to the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain

Krebs Cycle
CO2 is

given off (exhaled) High energy carriers have to be passed to the Electron Transport Chain where ADP can be converted to ATP

Electron Transport Chain

NADH

goes to NAD+ FADH goes to FAD ADP goes to ATP

The Totals
Total

= 36 molecules of ATP Glycolysis makes 2 ATP molecules Krebs cycle and ETC make 34 ATP molecules

In

the presence of oxygen, Glycolysis, the Kreb Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain function to provide long term, slow production of ATP for cellular use.

Classification of Plants
Four

groups based on Vascular tissues

do

they have them

seeds
do

they have them where are they

Bryophytes
Non-vascular Depend

on water for reproduction Draw up water by cell to cell osmosis

Bryophytes
No

true stems or leaves No vascular tissue Rhizoids Human uses: fuel, fertilizer

Bryophytes
examples:

mosses liverworts hornworts

Bryophytes Life Cycle page 558 Gametophyte - dominant Sperm has to swim Gametes on same plant or two different plants Zygote - beginning of sporophyte phase

Seedless Vascular Plants Have true roots(underground, absorb water and minerals) leaves(photosynth. organs) stems(supporting structures, connect roots and leaves)

Seedless Vascular Plants

Examples:

pg. 560 Club moss (mini pine trees) Horsetails (scouring rush, silica)

Seedless Vascular Plants

Ferns

underground stems = rhizomes large leaves = fronds

Ferns Life cycle

Sporophyte

is dominant Spores form in sporangia on underside of frond Group of sporangia = sori Fertilization requires water

Seed Plants
Seed

seed coat (old sporophyte) female gametophyte tissue Embryo (new sporophyte)

Seed Plants
Reproduce

without water

Alternate

of Generations Sporophyte is recognizable plant Gametophyte is hidden in tissue of sporophyte

Seed Plants
2

groups Gymnosperms Angiosperms

Gymnosperms
Cone

bearing Reproduce with naked seeds

Gymnosperms
Examples:

Gnetophytes Cycadophytes Ginkophytes Coniferophytes

Life cycle of the Gymnosperm Page 611 Pollen cones - male Seed cones - female Pollination Fertilization

Megaspores

Ovule Egg (Archegonium)

Meiosis
Cone Scale

Fertilization

Micropyle

Pollen Embryo

Seed Cone

Microspores

Seeds

Germination

Pollen Cone

Seedling

Angiosperms
Flowering

plants Reproduce with enclosed seed

Angiosperms
Special

reproductive organ = flower More efficient pollination (attracts animals) Produce fruit

Angiosperms
After

pollination, the ovary surrounds and protects the seed and develops into the fruit Fruit increases the range of seed dispersal

Example of the Angiosperm

Any

flowering plant You choose :)

Life cycle of the Angiosperm

Life

cycle begins when a mature sporophyte produces a flower

Flower Structure and Reproduction

Pages 1-4

Flowers and Their Life Cycles

Pages 1-5

Monocots & Dicots

http://img.sparknotes.com/101s/biology/11-3.jpg

Survival requires:
Sunlight
Water

and minerals Gas exchange

Movement

of water and nutrients throughout the body of the plant requires specialized tissues and structures.

Dermal Tissue Skin or outer covering of the plant Single layer of cells covered by a thick, waxy cuticle

Vascular Tissue Vascular - bloodstream Xylem - water conducting Phloem - food conducting

Ground Tissue Everything between the dermal and vascular tissue

Meristematic

tissue is found only in the tips of shoots and roots and is responsible for growth. It is the source of all other tissue types.

Specialized Structures Roots Stems Leaves

Roots
Absorb

water and nutrients Anchor the plant and hold it upright

Roots (page 584)

Two

types Taproots: primary root is long & thick, secondary roots remain small; can reach for water far below the surface

Roots (page 585) Fibrous roots: no single root grows larger than the rest; prevent topsoil from being washed away

Stems Supports the body of the plant and transports nutrients to different parts Holds leaves up to sun Contain lots of vascular tissue

Stems Link all parts of the plant Can be woody or herbacious Can be adapted for storage or dormancy (page 594)

Growth
Growth

and Development

Leaves
Principle

organs for photosynthesis Made of layers

Leaves
pages 1-6

Plant Projects
Due Wednesday April 14