Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

PowerPoint Presentation to accompany

Educational Psychology
Second Edition
by John W. Santrock
Prepared by: Barbara Lane Radigan, Ph.D
Community College of Allegheny County Pittsburgh, PA

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

CHAPTER

Educational Psychology: A Tool for Effective Teaching

Educational Psychology: A Tool for Effective Teaching

Exploring Educational Psychology

Historical Background

Teaching: Art and Science

Educational Psychology: A Tool for Effective Teaching

Chapter Outline
Exploring Educational Psychology
Historical Background Teaching: Art and Science

Effective Teaching
Professional Knowledge and Skills Commitment and Motivation

Educational Psychology: A Tool for Effective Teaching

Chapter Outline, continued
Research in Educational Psychology
Why Research Is Important The Scientific Research Approach Research Methods Program Evaluation, Action Research, and the Teacher-as-Researcher Research Challenges

Exploring Educational Psychology

Learning Goals for Chapter 1
1. Describe some basic ideas about the field of educational psychology, including its history and why effective teaching depends on both art and science. 2. Identify the attitudes and skills of an effective teacher. 3. Discuss how educational psychologists and teachers can conduct and evaluate research.
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The Goal of Educational Psychology

Educational Psychology
specializes in understanding teaching and learning in educational settings

Educational Psychologys Historical Background

William James Viewed the child as an active learner Emphasized the childs adaptation to the environment Pushed for competent education for all children

John Dewey

Emphasized the importance of observing teaching and learning in the classroom for improving education
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Educational Psychologys Historical Background

E. L. Thorndike Initiated an emphasis on assessment and measurement of learning Promoted the idea that educational psychology must have a scientific base and that measurement should be a central focus
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Educational Psychologys Historical Background

Mamie and Kenneth Clark

Pioneering researchers who studied African American childrens selfconceptions and identity
Researcher who demonstrated that intelligence tests were culturally biased against minority children

George Sanchez

Leta Hollingworth First to use the term gifted to describe students who scored exceptionally high on IQ tests
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Educational Psychology: A Tool for Effective Teaching

Effective Teaching

Professional Knowledge and Skills

Commitment and Motivation

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Effective Teaching
Professional Knowledge and Skills
Teachers Must Exhibit:
Subject matter competence Classroom management skills that create an optimal learning environment A constructivist approach that encourages children to explore their world, discover knowledge, reflect and think critically Instructional planning skills Goal-setting
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Effective Teaching
Professional Knowledge and Skills
Teachers Must Exhibit:
Ability to encourage student motivation: provide real-world learning opportunities that allow students to think creatively and deeply about projects Ability to model good communication skill Sensitivity in multicultural environments Technological skills to integrate computers appropriately in the classroom
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Effective Teaching
Commitment and Motivation
Investment of time and effort Confidence in ones own self-efficacy

Professional Growth
Developing a positive identity Seek advice from competent, experienced teachers Never stop learning Build up good resources and supports
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Effective Teaching
Images of Good and Bad Teachers
Characteristics of Worst Teachers
Are dull/have a boring class Dont explain things clearly Show favoritism toward students Have a poor attitude Expect too much from students

Characteristics of Best Teachers

Have a sense of humor Make the class interesting Have knowledge of their subject Explain things clearly Spend time to help students

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Characteristics of Teachers

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Educational Psychology: A Tool for Effective Teaching

Research in Educational Psychology Why Research Is Important Program Evaluation, Research, Action Research, Teacher as Researcher Research Challenges

The Scientific Research Approach

Research Methods

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Research in Educational Psychology

Research Is Important
Based on the scientific method, researchers
Conceptualize the problem Collect data Draw conclusions Revise research conclusions and theory

Theory Hypothesis
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The Scientific Method

The scientific research approach is objective, systematic, and testable

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Research in Educational Psychology

Descriptive Research
Observations
Laboratory Naturalistic observation

Interviews and questionnaires Standardized tests Case studies Correlational research

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Possible Explanations of Correlational Data

Observed correlation Possible explanations for this correlation Permissive teaching Childrens lack of self-control Other factors, such as genetic tendencies, poverty, or sociohistorical circumstances
causes

As permissive teaching increases, childrens self-control decreases

Childrens lack of self-control Permissive teaching Permissive teaching Childrens lack of self-control

causes

cause both

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Research in Educational Psychology

Experimental Research
Independent variable: The manipulated, influential experimental factor
Dependent variable: The factor that is measured in an experiment Control group: A comparison group, no manipulation Experimental group: The group whose experience is manipulated Random assignment: Participants are assigned by chance
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Research in Educational Psychology

Experimental Research
A study of the effects of time management on students grades Participants randomly assigned to experimental and control groups

Experimental group (time management program)

Control group (no time management program)

Students grades in school 23

Research in Educational Psychology

Time Span Research
Cross-sectional Longitudinal

Studying groups of people all at one time Researcher doesnt have to wait until subjects grow older Provides NO information about the stability of data over time

Studying the same individuals over time Evaluates how children change over time Time consuming and costly

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Research in Educational Psychology

Program Evaluation, Action Research, and the Teacher-as-Researcher
Program evaluation: Designed to make decisions about a particular program

Action research: Used to solve a particular classroom or school problem

Teacher-as-researcher: Teachers conduct their own studies to improve their teaching
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Research Challenges
Ethics Researchers protect participants from mental and physical harm. Participants give informed consent. Gender In the past, conclusions on females have been drawn from research done on males. Ethnicity and Culture Ethnic gloss, the use of an ethnic label to describe an ethnic group, leads to overgeneralizations and stereotyping when examining certain groups.
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Research Challenges
Be a Wise Consumer of Information About Educational Psychology Be cautious of what is reported in the popular media. Know how to avoid drawing conclusions about individual needs on the basis of group research. Recognize how easy it is to overgeneralize about a small or clinical sample.

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