Programming in

COBOL-85
For IBM Mainframe
System 390
Jyothi Sridhar Kini
E&R, Infosys
Mail-id: Jyothis@infosys.com
Phone: 52179
 Course Plan
 Day 1: Introduction to COBOL

 Day 2: Cobol Language constructs

 Day 3: Sequential File Handling

 Day 4: Index sequential file handling,

COPY, CALL

 Day 5,6,7: Working on project

 Pre-requisites

 Programming Fundamentals.

 MVS Operating system and its subsystem TSO.

 Job Control Language to submit jobs to MVS.

 Navigating through ISPF.

 Topics beyond the scope

 Report writer feature of COBOL

 References
TITLE AUTHOR PUBLISHER
COBOL M.K.Roy and Tata McGraw Hill
Programming

D. Ghosh
Dastidar
COBOL Nancy Stern and John Wiley & Sons Inc
Programming Robert Stern

Programming Newcomer and McGraw Hill Books

with Lawrence (Schaum Series)

Structured
COBOL
Any Time reference IBM manuals
 Agenda for Day 1
 Evolution and Features of COBOL.

 General Coding and Format rules.

 Language Fundamentals.

 Input and Output verbs.

 Arithmetic verbs.

 Design and development of simple COBOL programs

 History of
COBOL

 Early years.

 ANS Versions of COBOL.

 Future of COBOL.

http://www.home.swbell.net/mck9/cobol/cobol.html

http://www.infogoal.com/cbd/cbdhome.html
 History of
COBOL
 1960 – COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)
initial specifications presented by CODASYL (Conference
on Data System Languages)
 1964 – revised to make COBOL more flexible
 1968 – ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
developed American National Standard (ANS) COBOL
– Standardized form
– Attempted to overcome incompatibilities of different
versions of COBOL
 1974 – ANSI published revised version of (ANS) COBOL
– Business applications needed to manipulate character as
well as numeric data
– String operations added
 History of
COBOL
 1985 – ANSI published another revised
version of COBOL
– Designed to take advantage of structured
programming techniques
– Logic errors reduced with END statements
– Case statement reduced nested IFs
– Less English-like
– Maintained readability and business orientation
– Compatible with previous versions
 COBOL
 COBOL is an acronym which stands for
COmmon Business Oriented Language.
 The name indicates the target area of COBOL
applications.
 COBOL is used for developing business,
typically file-oriented, applications.
 It is not designed for writing systems programs.
You would not develop an operating system or a
compiler using COBOL.
 COBOL is one of the oldest computer languages
in use (it was developed in late 1950s).
CODSYL
 Nature of COBOL

 Business Oriented Language.

 Standard Language.

 Robust Language.

 Structured Programming Language.

 English-like Language.
 Structure of a COBOL program

PROGRAM SENTENCES

DIVISIONS STATEMENTS

RESERVED USER DEFINED

SECTIONS WORDS WORDS

PARAGRAPHS CHARACTERS
 COBOL Character set

 Alphabets (Both upper and lower case)

 Digits (0 to 9)

 Special characters
b - + *
/ = $ ,
; . “ ‘
< > ( )
 The COBOL DIVISIONs
DIVISIONS are used to identify the principal
components of the program text. There are four
DIVISIONS in all.

 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.

 ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. // Optional

 DATA DIVISION. // Optional

 PROCEDURE DIVISION.
 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION
 The purpose of the IDENTIFICATION
DIVISION is to provide information
about the program to the programmer
and to the compiler.
 Most of the entries in the
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION are
directed at the programmer and are
treated by the compiler as comments.
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION...

 An exception to this is the PROGRAM-

ID clause. Every COBOL program must
have a PROGRAM-ID. It is used to
enable the compiler to identify the
program.
 There are several other informational
paragraphs in the IDENTIFICATION
DIVISION but we will ignore them for
the moment.
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION...

 The IDENTIFICATION DIVISION has

the following structure
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. PGM-NAME.
[AUTHOR. YourName.]

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. FIRSTPGM.
AUTHOR. Michael Coughlan.
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION...
•The keywords IDENTIFICATION DIVISION
represent the division header and signal the
commencement of the program text.

•The paragraph name PROGRAM-ID is a

keyword. It must be specified immediately after the
division header.

•The program name can be up to 8 characters long

on MF(30 in case of windows).
 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION...

• Is used to identify the program to the computer.

• Is the least significant DIVISION of a COBOL
program.

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. Member-name. ( Max 8 chars, letters & digits only )
AUTHOR. / Optional entry
INSTALLATION. / Optional entry
DATE-WRITTEN. / Optional entry
DATE-COMPILED. / Optional entry
 ENVIRONMENT DIVISION

 The ENVIRONMENT DIVISION is totally

optional unless you want to use files /
specify special devices to the compiler in
ENVIRONMENT DIVISION.
your program.
CONFIGURATION SECTION.
 IsSOURCE-COMPUTER.
used to indicate the Specific Computers
VAX-6410.
OBJECT-COMPUTER.
used IBM-ES9000.
to develop and execute the program.
INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION.
 The general format of ED is
FILE-CONTROL.
SELECT EMPL-FILE ASSIGN TO
DISC.
...
 DIVISION
 The DATA DIVISION is used to describe most
of the data that a program processes.
 The DATA DIVISION has two main sections-
– FILE SECTION.
– WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.

 The FILE SECTION is used to describe most of

the data that is sent to, or comes from, the
computer’s peripherals.
 The WORKING-STORAGE SECTION is used
to describe the general variables used in the
program.
 DATA DIVISION

Is used to describe the structure of the fields,

records, files and temporary variables used for
calculations.
DATA DIVISION. / Optional entry
FILE SECTION.
FD filename
. . . . . . .
SD sortfile
. . . . . . .
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
. . . . . . .
 PROCEDURE DIVISION

 Is the most significant DIVISION of a

COBOL program.

 Includes statements and sentences

necessary for reading input, processing it
and writing the output. These are the
instructions that are executed by the
computer at the RUN TIME.
 PROCEDURE DIVISION…
 The PROCEDURE DIVISION is where
all the data described in the DATA
DIVISION is processed and produced
desired results. It is here that the
programmer describes his algorithm.
 The PROCEDURE DIVISION is
hierarchical in structure and consists of
Sections, Paragraphs, Sentences and
Statements.
 PROCEDURE DIVISION...
 Only the Section is optional. There must
be at least one paragraph, sentence and
statement in the PROCEDURE
DIVISION .
 In the PROCEDURE DIVISION,
paragraph and section names are chosen
by the programmer.
 The names used should reflect the
processing being done in the paragraph or
section.
 Sections
 A SECTION is a block of code made up of one
or more paragraphs.
 A SECTION begins with the section-name and
ends where next section name is encountered or
where the program text ends.
 A SECTION name consists of a name devised
by the programmer or defined by the language
followed by the word SECTION followed by a
full stop.
– U0000-SELECT-USER-RECORDS SECTION.
– FILE SECTION.
 s
 Each section consists of one or more paragraphs.
 A PARAGRAPH is a block of code made up of
one or more sentences.
 A PARAGRAPH begins with the paragraph-
name and ends with the next paragraph or section
name or the end of the program text.
 The paragraph-name consists of a name devised
by the programmer or defined by the language
followed by a full stop.
– P0000-PRINT-FINAL-TOTALS.
– PROGRAM-ID.
 Statements
 A PARAGRAPH consists of one or more sentences.
 A SENTENCE consists of one or more statements and is terminated by
a full stop.
– MOVE .21 TO VAT-RATE
COMPUTE VAT-AMOUNT = PRODUCT-COST * VAT-
RATE.
– DISPLAY "Enter Name " WITH NO ADVANCING
ACCEPT STUDENT-NAME
DISPLAY "Name Entered was " STUDENT-NAME.
 A STATEMENT consists of a COBOL verb and an operand or
operands.
– SUBTRACT T-TAX FROM GROSS-PAY GIVING NET-PAY
– READ STUDENT-FILE
AT END SET END-OF-FILE TO TRUE
END-READ
 program
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID.FIRSTPGM.
AUTHOR. Michael Coughlan.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 WS-NUM-1 PIC 9(001) VALUE ZEROS.
01 WS-NUM-2 PIC 9(001) VALUE ZEROS.
01 WS-RESULT-1 PIC 9(002) VALUE ZEROS.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
A0000-MAIN-PARA.
ACCEPT WS-NUM-1
ACCEPT WS-NUM-2
MULTIPLY WS-NUM-1 BY WS-NUM-2 GIVING
WS-RESULT-1
DISPLAY "Result is = ", WS-RESULT-1
STOP RUN
.
The minimum COBOL program

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. SMALLPGM.

PROCEDURE DIVISION.
A0000-DISPLAY-PARA.
DISPLAY "I did it."
STOP RUN
.

What is the model we have used to

describe the TOP-
COBOL program structure?
DOWN
 rules
 Almost all COBOL compilers treat a line of
COBOL code as if it contained two distinct areas.
These are known as; Area A and Area B
 When a COBOL compiler recognizes these two
areas, all division, section, paragraph names, FD
entries and 01 level entries must start in Area A.
All other sentences/statements must start in Area
B.
 Area A is four characters wide and is followed by
Area B.
 COBOL coding
rules...
 In some COBOL compilers these coding
restrictions are removed.
– For example In Microfocus COBOL compiler
directive
$ SET SOURCEFORMAT"FREE" frees us
from all formatting
$ SET restrictions.
SOURCEFORMAT"FREE"
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. ProgramFragment.
* This is a comment. It starts
* with an asterisk in column 1
 COBOL coding sheet
Column numbers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 72 80
I
Column * Area A Area B D
numbers E
N

- T
I
F
/ I
C
A
T
I
O
N

A
R
E
A
 COBOL coding rules
 Each line is considered to be made up of 80
columns.

 Columns 1 to 6 are reserved for line numbers.

 Column 7 is an indicator column and has special

meaning to the compiler.

Asterisk ( * ) indicates comments

Hyphen ( - ) indicates continuation
Slash ( / ) indicates form feed
 COBOL coding rules

 Columns 8 to 11 are called Area A. All

COBOL DIVISIONs, SECTIONs,
paragraphs and some special entries must
begin in Area A.

 Columns 12 to 72 are called Area B. All

COBOL statements must begin in Area B.

 Columns 73 to 80 are identification area.

 COBOL data description
 COBOL uses what could be described as a
“declaration by example” strategy.
 In effect, the programmer provides the
system with an example, or template, or
PICTURE of what the data item looks like.
 From the “picture” the system derives the
information necessary to allocate it.
 Basic data types
 Alphabetic

 Numeric

 Alphanumeric

 Edited numeric

 Edited alphanumeric
 Literals
 Literals are symbols whose value does not
change
in a program.

 There are 3 types of literals namely

(1) Numeric literals.

(2) Non-numeric literals.
(3) Figurative constants.
 Literals
Numeric literals
 Are formed using digits only.
 May include a sign which must be the extreme
left character.
 There must not be any blank between the sign
and
the first digit.
 May include a decimal point which can not be
the
right most character.
 Can have at most 18 digits.
 Literals
Non-numeric literals

 Are used display headings or messages.

 Are a sequence of characters (except quotes)

from
the COBOL character set enclosed within
quotes.

 May contain up to 160 characters including

spaces.
 Literals
Figurative
constants
Figurative constants Meaning

ZERO(S) or ZEROES Represents the value 0, one or

more depending on the context
SPACE(S) Represents one or more spaces
HIGH-VALUE(S) Represents the highest value
LOW-VALUE(S) Represents the lowest value
QUOTE(S) Represents single or double
quotes
 Data names

 Are named memory locations.

 Must be described in the DATA

DIVISION before they can be used in the
PROCEDURE DIVISION.

 Can be of elementary or group type.

 Can be subscripted.
 Rules for forming User-defined
words
 Are used to form section, paragraph and data
names.
 Can be at most 30 characters in length.

 Only alphabets, digits and hyphen are allowed.

 Blanks are not allowed.

 May not begin or end with a hyphen.

 Should not be a COBOL reserved word.

 Description of data names
 All the data names used in the PROCEDURE
DIVISION must be described in the DATA
DIVISION.

 The description of a data name is done with the

aid of
(1) Level number
(2) PICTURE clause
(3) VALUE clause
 Description of data names
Level number
 Is used to specify the the data hierarchy.

Level Number Purpose

01 Record description and independent items
02 to 49 Fields within records and sub items
66 RENAMES clause
77 Independent items
88 Condition names
 Description of data names
PICTURE clause
 Is used to specify the following
(1) The data type
(2) The storage requirement.

 Can be abbreviated as PIC.

 Can be abbreviated in case of recurring

symbols.

 Is used only elementary items.

Description of data names
PICTURE clause

Code Meaning

9 Numeric

A Alphabetic

X Alphanumeric

V Decimal Point

S Sign bit
 Description of data names
VALUE clause
 Is used to assign an initial value to a
elementary data item.

 The initial value can be numeric literal,

non- numeric literal or figurative constant.

 Is an optional clause.
 Group and elementary items
 In COBOL the term “group item” is used to
describe a data item which has been further
subdivided.
– A Group item is declared using a level
number and a data name. It cannot have
a picture clause.
– Where a group item is the highest item in
a data hierarchy it is referred to as a
record and uses the level number 01.
 Group and elementary items..
 The term “elementary item” is used to describe
data items which are atomic, that is, not further
subdivided.
 An elementary item declaration consists of;
• a level number,
• a data name
• picture clause.
An elementary item must have a picture clause.
 Every group or elementary item declaration must
be followed by a full stop.
PICTURE Clauses for Group Items
 Picture clauses are NOT specified for ‘group’
data items because the size of a group item is
the sum of the sizes of its subordinate,
elementary items and its type is always
assumed to be PIC X.
 The type of a group items is always assumed to
be PIC X, because group items may have
several different data items and types
subordinate to them.
 An X picture is the only one which could
support such collections.
Group Items/Records - Example
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 STUDENT-DETAILS PIC X(026).

STUDENT-DETAILS

H E N N E S S Y R M 9 2 3 0 1 6 5 L M 5 1 0 5 5 0 F
 Group Items/Records - Example
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 STUDENT-DETAILS.
02 STUDENT-NAME PIC X(010).
02 STUDENT-ID PIC 9(007).
02 COURSE-CODE PIC X(004).
02 GRANT PIC 9(004).
02 GENDER PIC X(001).

STUDENT-DETAILS

H EN N E S S Y RM 9 2 3 0 1 6 5 L M 5 1 0 5 5 0 F
STUDENT-NAME STUDENT-ID COURSE-CODE GRANT GENDER
 Items/Records
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 STUDENT-DETAILS.
02 STUDENT-NAME.
03 SURNAME PIC X(008).
03 INITIALS PIC X(002).
02 STUDENT-ID PIC 9(007).
02 COURSE-CODE PIC X(004).
02 GRANT PIC 9(004).
02 GENDER PIC X(001).

STUDENT-DETAILS
H EN N E S S Y RM 9 2 3 0 1 6 5 L M 5 1 0 5 5 0 F
STUDENT-NAME STUDENT-ID COURSE-CODE GRANT GENDER
SURNAME INITIALS
 LEVEL Numbers & DATA
hierarchy
 In COBOL, level numbers are used to decompose
a structure into it’s constituent parts.
 In this hierarchical structure the higher the level
number, the lower the item is in the hierarchy. At
the lowest level the data is completely atomic.
 The level numbers 01 through 49 are general level
numbers, but there are also special level numbers
such as 66, 77 and 88.
 In a hierarchical data description what is important
01
is the relationship of the
STUDENT-DETAILS.
02 STUDENT-NAME. level numbers to one
01 STUDENT-DETAILS.
05 STUDENT-NAME.

03another, not
PICthe actual level 10numbers used.
03 SURNAME PIC X(008). 10 SURNAME PIC X(008).
INITIALS X(002). INITIALS PIC X(002).
02 STUDENT-ID PIC 9(007). 05 STUDENT-ID PIC 9(007).
02 COURSE-CODE PIC X(004). 05 COURSE-CODE PIC X(004).
02 GRANT PIC 9(004). 05 GRANT PIC 9(004).
02 GENDER PIC X(001). 05 GENDER PIC X(001).
 Description of data names
Example

DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 WS-REGNO PIC X(5).
01 WS-NAME.
05 WS-FIRST-NAME PIC A(15).
05 WS-MID-NAME PIC A(15).
05 WS-LAST-NAME PIC A(10).
01 WS-AGE PIC 99V99.
01 WS-SCHOLARSHIP PIC 9(4) VALUE 1000.
Break
 Edited picture symbols

Edit symbol Meaning

Z Zero suppression
* Check protection
, Comma insertion
- Minus sign insertion
+ Plus or minus sign insertion
 Edited picture symbols
Edit symbol Meaning
$ Dollar sign insertion
CR Credit symbol
DB Debit symbol
B Blank insertion
/ Slash insertion
. Decimal point insertion

BLANK WHEN ZERO Blank insertion when

the value is zero.
 Edited picture symbols
Examples

Edit symbol Value Edited value

ZZ999 12 012
***99 12 ***12
$9999 123 $0123
-9999 -1234 -1234
+9999 -1234 -1234
 Edited picture symbols
Examples

Edit symbol Value Edited value

999CR -12 012CR
999CR 12 012bb
999.9 12 . 34 012 . 3
99,999 1234 01,234
99B99 1234 12 34
 PROCEDURE DIVISION Verbs
 Data movement verb.

 Arithmetic Verbs.

 Input / Output Verbs.

 Sequence control verbs.

 File handling verbs.

Instruction Format Specification
 Uppercase words are COBOL reserved words.
 Underlined words are mandatory.
 One of the elements in the flower brackets is
mandatory.
 Elements in square brackets are optional.
 Punctuation symbols are mandatory.
 Ellipses indicate addition entries of same type can
follow.
 Input / Output Verbs
 ACCEPT Verb
Syntax
ACCEPT identifier [ FROM
{ DATE, DAY, TIME, mnemonic-
name }].
Examples
(1) ACCEPT NUMBER-1.
(2) ACCEPT TODAY-DATE FROM
DATE.
 Input / Output Verbs
 DISPLAY Verb
Syntax
DISPLAY { identifier-1, literal-1 } , . . .

Examples
(1) DISPLAY “The sum is ” SUM.
 Arithmetic Verbs

ADD

SUBTRACT

MULTIPLY

DIVIDE

COMPUTE
 ADD Verb
Syntax-1

ADD { identifier-1, literal-1 } [ , identifier-2,

literal-2 ] . . . TO identifier-3 [ , identifier-4 ] . . .

Syntax-2

ADD { identifier-1, literal-1 } { identifier-2, literal-

2 } [ identifier-3, literal-3 ] GIVING identifier-4 . . .
 ADD Verb
Examples

(1) ADD NUM-1 TO NUM-2.

(2) ADD NUM-1, NUM-2 TO NUM-3.

(3) ADD 12, NUM-1, NUM-2 TO NUM-3, NUM-4.

(4) ADD NUM-1, NUM-2 GIVING NUM-3.

(5) ADD 12, NUM-1 GIVING NUM-2, NUM-3.

 ADD
Examples
ADD Cash TO Total.
Before 3 1000
After 3 1003
ADD Cash, 20 TO Total, Wage.
Before 3 1000 100
After 3 1023 123

ADD Cash, Total GIVING Result.

Before 3 1000 0015
After
3 1000 1003
ADD Males TO Females GIVING TotalStudents.
Before 1500 0625 1234
After
1500 0625 2125
 SUBTRACT Verb

Syntax

SUBTRACT { identifier-1, literal-1 } [ identifier-2,

literal-2 ] . . . FROM identifier-3 [ , identifier-4 ]

[ , GIVING identifier-5 [ , identifier-6 ] . . . ]

 SUBTRACT Verb
Examples

(1) SUBTRACT NUM-1 FROM NUM-2.

(2) SUBTRACT NUM-1, NUM-2 FROM NUM-3.

(3) SUBTRACT 5, NUM-1 FROM NUM-2, NUM-3.

(4) SUBTRACT 12 FROM NUM-1 GIVING NUM-

2.

(5) SUBTRACT NUM-1 FROM NUM-2 GIVING

NUM-3.
 SUBTRACT
Examples
SUBTRACT Tax FROM GrossPay, Total.
Before 120 4000 9120
After 120 3880 9000
SUBTRACT Tax, 80 FROM Total.
Before 100 480
After
100 300
SUBTRACT Tax FROM GrossPay GIVING NetPay.
Before 750 1000 0012
After
750 1000 0250
 MULTIPLY Verb

Syntax

MULTIPLY { identifier-1, literal-1 } BY identifier-2

[ identifier-3 ] . . . [ , GIVING identifier-4

[ , identifier-5 ] . . . ]
 MULTIPLY Verb
Examples

(1) MULTIPLY NUM-1 BY NUM-2.

(2) MULTIPLY NUM-1 BY NUM-2 GIVING

NUM-3.

(3) MULTIPLY 5 BY NUM-1 GIVING NUM-2.

(4) MULTIPLY NUM-1 BY NUM-2 GIVING

NUM-4, NUM-5.
 DIVIDE Verb
Syntax-1

DIVIDE { identifier-1, literal-1 } INTO identifier-2

[ , identifier-2 ] . . . [ GIVING identifier-4

[ , identifier-5 ] . . . ] ..

Syntax-2

DIVIDE { identifier-1, literal-1 } BY { identifier-2,

literal-2 } GIVING identifier-3 [ , identifier-4 ].

 DIVIDE Verb

Syntax-3

DIVIDE { identifier-1, literal-1 } { INTO , BY }

{ identifier-2, literal-2 } GIVING identifier-3

REMAINDER identifier-4 .
 DIVIDE Verb
Examples

(1) DIVIDE 5 INTO NUM-1.

(2) DIVIDE 6 INTO NUM-1 GIVING NUM-2,

NUM-3.

(3) DIVIDE NUM-1 BY 3 GIVING NUM-2, NUM-3.

(4) DIVIDE NUM-1 BY NUM-2 GIVING NUM-3.

(5) DIVIDE NUM-1 BY NUM-2 GIVING NUM-3

REMAINDER NUM-4.
 MULTIPLY and DIVIDE
MULTIPLY Subs BY Members GIVING TotalSubs
ON SIZE ERROR DISPLAY "TotalSubs too small"
END-MULTIPLY.
Subs Members TotalSubs
Before 15.50 100 0123.45
After 15.50 100 1550.00

MULTIPLY 10 BY Magnitude, Size.

Before 355 125
After 3550 1250

DIVIDE Total BY Members GIVING Average ROUNDED.

Before 9234.55 100 1234.56
After 9234.55 100 92.35
 ROUNDED Option
Syntax
Arithmetic statement [ ROUNDED ].

Examples
(1) ADD NUM-1, NUM-2, NUM-3 GIVING NUM-4
ROUNDED.

(2) DIVIDE NUM-1 BY NUM-2 GIVING NUM-3

ROUNDED.
 The ROUNDED
option
Receiving Field Actual Result Truncated Result Rounded Result

PIC 9(3)V9. 123.25 123.2 123.3

PIC 9(3). 123.25 123 123

 The ROUNDED option takes effect when, after

decimal point alignment, the result calculated
must be truncated on the right hand side.
 The option adds 1 to the receiving item when the
leftmost truncated digit has an absolute value of 5
or greater.
 ON SIZE ERROR Option
Syntax

Arithmetic statement [ON SIZE ERROR imperative

statement . . .]

Examples
(1) ADD NUM-1, NUM-2, NUM-3 TO NUM-4 ON SIZE

ERROR PERFORM 900-EXIT-PARA.

(2). DIVIDE NUM-1 BY NUM-2 ON SIZE ERROR

PERFORM 800-ERROR-PARA.
 On size error option
Receiving Field Actual Result SIZE ERROR
PIC 9(3)V9. 245.96 Yes
PIC 9(3)V9. 1245.9 Yes
PIC 9(3). 124 No
PIC 9(3). 1246 Yes
PIC 9(3)V9 Not Rounded 124.45 Yes
PIC 9(3)V9 Rounded 124.45 No
PIC 9(3)V9 Rounded 3124.45 Yes

 A size error condition exists when, after decimal

point alignment, the result is truncated on either
the left or the right hand side.
 If an arithmetic statement has a rounded phrase
then a size error only occurs if there is truncation
on the left hand side (most significant digits).
 COMPUTE Verb
Syntax

COMPUTE identifier-1 . . . [ ROUNDED ]

= algebraic expression [ ON SIZE ERROR ]

imperative statement.
Example

COMPUTE VOLUME = ( 4 / 3) * ( 22 / 7 ) * R ** 3.

Note: If the ROUNDED and ON SIZE ERROR both

appear, then the ROUNDED option should precede the
ON SIZE ERROR.
 The
COMPUTE
COMPUTE { Identifier [ ROUNDED ]} ... = ArithmeticExpression
  ON SIZE ERROR  
  StatementBlock END - COMPUTE 
  NOT ON SIZE ERROR  

Precedence Rules.
1. ** = POWER NN
2. * = MULTIPLY x
/ = DIVIDE ÷
3. + = ADD +
- = SUBTRACT -

Compute IrishPrice = SterlingPrice / Rate * 100.

Before 1000.50 156.25 87
After 179.59 156.25 87
 Review
Features of COBOL.

General Coding and Format rules.

Language Fundamentals.

Input and Output verbs.

Arithmetic verbs.
 Review questions
 If an entry must begin in area A ,it must begin in
Column number 8,9,10,11

 If an entry must begin in area B,it must begin in position

12 to 72 any where;

 Program-id is the paragraph name that appears in the

identification
division
 The word rounded (precedes, follows) the ON SIZE
ERROR clause in an arithmetic statement precedes
 Review questions
 A numeric literal in COBOL can have at most18 digits
 A Non numeric literal can have maximum
160 characters including spaces
 Indicate True or False
– A 01 level entry cannot have a picture class False
– In COBOL a data name must contain at least 8
characters False
– A COBOL sentence consists of one or more than one
statement the last of which is terminated by a period
True
 Any
Questions ????
Thank you

Jyothi Sridhar Kini

E&R, Infosys
Mail-id: Jyothis@infosys.com
Phone: 52179