Deals with the state of rest or motion of bodies

Historical Contributions:
Archimedes ( 287 212 BC) Galileo ( 1564 1642) Newton ( 1642 1727)

Einstein ( 1878 1955)

Schrodinger De- Broglie ( 1887 1965) Students of AEC Bhongir ( 2011 2086)

 Greatest mathematician of all time Accomplished physicist Engineer Astronomer Philosopher

Created field of hydrostatics Founded fundamentals of mechanics

Discovered law of levers

Calculated centres of gravity for flat surfaces and solids.

2nd Punic War invented war machines to defend the city from the Roman siege (214212 B.C.) Machines included catapults, ropes, pulleys, and hook Suggested the use of large mirrors to focus the rays of the sun onto the Roman ships, thereby setting them on fire.

Given: AB and BC make up a broken chord with BC>AB. M is the midpoint of arc ABC MF is perpendicular to BC Archimedes proved that F is the midpoint of the broken chord ABC.

When the screw is turned, the water slides up the tube until it falls out of the top.

 If a polygon is inscribed within a circle, its perimeter must be less than the circles circumference.

Similarly, if another polygon is circumscribed outside a circle, its perimeter must be greater than the circles circumference. Measuring both polygons perimeters and dividing by the circles diameter gives a bound for the value of

By using polygons with increasing numbers of sides, the bound can be made more accurate. Starting with a hexagon, Archimedes kept adding sides until he had polygons of 96 sides which gave him a range of 310/71 < < 31/7 or 3.14084 < < 3.142858

Archimedes was killed by a Roman soldier while he was drawing in the sand. Apparently, the latters shadow fell over his work and Archimedes angered the soldier saying, dont disturb my circles.

Born Died

15 February 1564[1] Pisa,Italy 8 January 1642 Arcetri, Italy

Fields

Institutions

Astronomy, physics and mathematics University of Pisa University of Padua

Physicist,

Improvements to the telescope

Mathematician,
Astronomer Philosopher

Consequent astronomical observations

phases of Venus discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter observation and analysis of sunspots.

Fields

Achievements

Championed the controversial heliocentric view (the Sun was considered the centre of the universe) At that time, most philosophers and astronomers still subscribed to the geocentric view ( the Earth is at the centre of the universe) For this, he was tried by the inquisition in 1632, found guilty and spent the rest of his life under house arrest.

Classical mechanics/Newtonian mechanics

Relativistic mechanics Quantum mechanics/Wave mechanics

Developed by Sir Issac Newton (1642 1727) Experimental in nature

Developed around the state of rest and state of motion of bodies

Enunciated in the form of the famous 3 laws called Newtons Laws of Motion

Postulated by Albert Einstein ( 1878 -1955) Proved that Newtonian mechanics fails when bodies travel at high speeds ( light) Called the theory of Relativistic Mechanics.

Postulated by Schrdinger (18871961) and Broglie (18921965) Showed that Newtonian mechanics fails when atomic distances are concerned. They put forth the theory of Quantum Mechanics.

Application of laws of mechanics to field problems is called Engineering Mechanics

Classical/Newtonian mechanics is still used unless atomic distances or high speed movement are involved.

Engineering Mechanics

Mechanics of Solids

Mechanics of Fluids

Mechanics of Rigid Bodies

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

Ideal Fluid, Viscous Fluids, Incompressible fluids

Mechanics of Rigid Bodies

Statics

Dynamics

Kinematics

Kinetics

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies

Theory of Elasticity

Theory of Plasticity

Mass The quantity of matter possessed by a body Does not change unless the body is damaged or a part of it is physically separated. In a spacecraft, the weight may change due to change in gravitational force but not mass

Time

A measure of a succession of events. The successive event selected was the rotation of earth about its own axis
Called a day ( further divided into hours, minutes and seconds) Clocks are the instruments developed to measure time

Due to irregularities in the earths rotation, the unit of time is now taken as the second
Now defined as the duration of 9192631770 periods of radiation of the cesium-133 atom

Space

The geometric region in which study of body is involved is called space.

A point in the space may be referred with respect to a predetermined point by a set of linear and angular measurements. The reference point is called the origin and set of measurements as coordinates. If coordinates involve mutually perpendicular directions they are known as Cartesian coordinates.

If the coordinates involve angle and distances, it is termed as polar coordinate system.

Length

A concept to measure linear distances. Unit is the metre (micro, milli or kilo metre also used)
Historically defined as the length of a standard bar of platinum-iridium kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Paris

To overcome difficulties of accessibility and reproduction, now meter is defined as 1,650,763.73 wavelength of krypton-86 atom

Displacement
Displacement is defined as the distance moved by a body/particle in the specified direction.

Referring to Fig. 1.1, if a body moves from position A to position B in the x-y plane shown, its displacement in x-

direction is AB and its displacement in y-direction is BB

Velocity
The rate of change of displacement with respect to time is defined as velocity.

Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Thus a = dv/dt, where v is velocity

Momentum
Is the product of mass and velocity

Momentum = Mass Velocity

Continuum
All bodies consist of discrete particles ( molecules, atoms and electrons) For purposes of engineering analysis, bodies are treated as a continuous distribution of matter ( a continuum)

Rigid Body
A body is rigid, if the relative positions of any two particles in it do not change under the action of forces.

original position in a body.

In Fig. 1.2 points A and B are the

After application of a system of forces F1, F2, F3,

the body takes a new position A and B

If the body is treated as rigid, the relative position of AB and AB are the same i.e., AB = AB.

Particle

A particle is defined as an object which has only mass and no size.

It is a theoretical concept which is useful for solving practical problems Examples :

A bomber aeroplane is a particle for a gunner operating from the

ground. A ship in mid sea is a particle in the study of its relative motion from a control tower. The earth is treated as a particle in celestial studies.

Newtons first law Newtons second law Newtons third law Newtons law of gravitation Law of transmissibility of forces, and Parallelogram law of forces.

Every body continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled by an external agency acting on it.
Force is an external agency which changes or tends to change the state of rest or uniform linear motion of a body.

The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the impressed force and it takes place in the direction of the force acting on it.
Force rate of change of

Thus

momentum. Since momentum = mass velocity, and since mass does not change, Force mass rate of change of velocity or Force mass acceleration i.e Fma

States that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
If a body applies a force F on another, the second body develops a reactive force R

R is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.

Figure. 1.3 shows the action of the ball and the reaction from the floor.

Fig. 1.4 the action of the ladder on the wall and the floor and the reactions from the wall and floor are shown.

Everybody attracts another body and the force of attraction between them is:
directly proportional to their masses and

inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

The force of attraction between the bodies of mass

m1 and m2 at a distance d as shown in the above figure is F = G .m1 m2 / d

2

where G is the constant of proportionality and is

known as the constant of gravitation.

If two forces, acting simultaneously on a body, at a point, are represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram which passes through the point of intersection of the two sides representing the forces

If two forces acting on a body are represented one after another by the sides of a triangle, their resultant is represented by the closing side of the triangle taken from first point to the last point.

Triangle Law of Forces

If more than two concurrent forces are acting on a body, two forces at a time can be combined by triangle law of forces and finally resultant of all the forces acting on the body may be obtained.

A system of 4 concurrent forces acting on a body are shown in the figure below.

AB represents F1 and BC represents F2. Hence according to triangle law of forces AC represents the resultant of F1 and F2, say, R1. This process is repeated till all the forces are covered.

simultaneously on a body are represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a polygon, taken in a order, then the resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the closing side of the polygon, taken from first point to last point.

If a number of concurrent forces acting

Length (L), Mass (M) and Time (S) are the fundamental units in mechanics.(If all

sciences are included, there are 9)

All other quantities may be expressed in terms of these basic units.

The three commonly used systems in engineering are

Metre-KilogrammeSecond (MKS) system CentimetreGrammeSecond (CGS) system, and FootPoundSecond (FPS) system.

Presently the SI (System Internationale) system of units is internationally used. The fundamental units are metre , kilogramme and second (same as in the MKS system) The difference is mainly in the unit of force.

Force Mass Acceleration = k Mass

Acceleration .

In SI system , a unit of force is defined as that force which causes 1 kg mass to move with an acceleration of 1m/sec2 and is termed as 1 Newton. Hence the constant of proportionality k becomes unity. Unit of Force = kg m/sec2 = kg m/sec2

In MKS, the unit of force is defined as that force which makes a mass of 1 kg to move with gravitational acceleration g m/sec2. This unit of force is called kilogram weight or kg/wt.

Gravitational acceleration is 9.81 m/sec2

Hence the constant of proportionality in the eqn. F=kma is 9.81 Therefore , 1 kg-wt = 9.81 Newton (In normal usage, kg-wt force is called as kg only)

It has been experimentally seen that the value of G = 6.673 1011

Nm2/kg2.

If two bodies of mass 10 kg and 5 kg are at a dis of 1 m, they exert a force :

The Earth has a radius of 6371 103 m and a mass of 5.96506 1024 kg. The force acting between 1 kg-mass near earth surface and the earth is:

In common usage the force exerted by earth on a body is called the weight of the body. Thus, weight of 1 kg mass on earth surface is 9.80665 N ( Compared to this, the force exerted by two bodies of mass 10 and 5 kg are negligible)

Denoting the weight of the body as W, from eqn. F = G m1 m2 /d2

we get

where

m is the mass of the body Me is the mass of the earth, and r is the radius of the earth

Replacing G Me / r2 with g, we get W = m g = 9.81 N

and since

(Hence called acceleration due to gravity)

A force is completely specified only when the following characteristics are specified:
Magnitude Point of application Line of action, and Direction

When several forces act simultaneously on a body, they constitute a system of forces.

If all the forces in a system do not lie in a single plane they constitute a system of forces in space.

If all the forces in a system lie in a single plane, it is called a coplanar force system. If the line of action of all the forces in a
system pass through a single point, it is called a concurrent force system.

In a system of parallel forces all the forces are parallel to each other.
If the line of action of all the forces lie along a single line then it is called a collinear force system.

Various quantities used in engineering mechanics may be grouped into scalars and vectors. A quantity is said to be scalar if it is completely defined by its magnitude alone, e.g. :
length area time mass.

A quantity is said to be vector if it is completely defined only when its magnitude as well as direction are specified.
force velocity acceleration momentum etc.