radios
Advantages:
Ad-hoc networks vs. fixed networks Key Advantage - Dynamic sharing of bandwidth
rapid deployment. Once installed, the system is self-initializing and self-organizing. The network nodes discover radio connectivity among neighbouring nodes and organize routing strategies based on that connectivity. Self-configuring infrastructurelessnetworkof mobile devices connected bywirelesslinks
Technical Challenges
1. Flow control over a wireless multi-hop 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
communication route Error control over wireless links Deriving and maintaining network topology information Deriving accurate routing information Mechanisms to handle router mobility Shared channel access by multiple users Processing capability of terminals Size and power requirements
Architecture of PRNETs
Architecture of PRNETs
The network architecture of PRNETs, which comprises
mobile devices/terminals, packet radios, and repeaters. The static station is optional.
host to another.
Architecture of PRNETs
As network conditions change, routes are
radio
radio
A packet radio network (PRN) is a collection of
packet radios, with some packet radios connected to user devices while others are not.
Routing in PRNETs
Point-to-Point Routing Broadcast Routing Packet Forwarding Impact of Mobility
Point-to-Point Routing
For point-to-point communications A packet moves through a series of one or more repeaters
knowledge of the overall network connectivity i.e network topology. and distributes this information to all repeaters in the route or directly to the source packet radio.
Broadcast Routing
In broadcast routing, a packet radiates away from the
other nodes in the network must participate in the transmission and reception of packets that are not intended for them.
packet.
Broadcast Routing
To ensure that each packet radio only forwards a
packet once, each repeater has to maintain a list of packet identifiers for previously broadcast packets that it recently had received and forwarded.
Packet Forwarding
2 Approaches The Connectionless Approach The Connection-oriented Approach The connectionless approach to packet forwarding
requires some background operation to maintain up-to-date network topology and link information in each node.
routing, where each packet carries sufficient routing information for it to arrive at the destination.
Packet Forwarding
In the connection-oriented packet forwarding
approach, an explicit route establishment phase is required before data traffic can be transported.
This approach is commonly associated with point-
to-point routing, where each node in a route has a lookup table for forwarding incoming packets to the respective outgoing links.
Hence, if a topology changes, a route re-
Impact of Mobility
In a PRNET, all elements of the network can be
mobile.
alternate point-to-point routes instead of forwarding the packets to their intended destinations.
Impact of Mobility
Broadcast routing is less affected by user mobility The packets do not follow a specific point-to-point
route.
packets, and hence, the destination host will receive the packet eventually. changing routes in broadcast routing under conditions of rapid host mobility.
Route Calculation
Each packet radio gathers and maintains
Neighbor Table
Packet radio broadcasts a Packet Radio Organization Packet (PROP) every 7.5 seconds
To announce its existence Neighbors that hear a PROP update their neighbor tables
Contain information about the neighbors. Also tracks the bidirectional quality of the link to and from
those neighbors
packets correctly received from the transmitting packet radio to the number of packets that the transmitting packet radio actually transmitted at that same interval.
Neighbor Table
Tier Table
The tier information ripples outward from each packet
radio at an average rate of 3.75 seconds per hop and eventually reaches all packet radios.
hops) from itself to every prospective destination and the next-hop packet radio.
Tier 1 = 1 hop neighbors Best Route : shortest route with good connectivity
on each hop
Tier Table
When a link (for example, from node A to B) to a neighboring packet radio turns bad, all routes in node A's tier table for which node B is the next-hop packet radio will also be marked bad. Also disseminate information about bad links in PROP messages
Device Table
Logical addressing: maps device to a packet
radio Each mobile device/terminal periodically sends a control packet across the wired interface to its attached packet radio. Information about the radios attached device is included in PROP messages
Device Table
A packet radio keeps track of affiliated devices and
propagates this mapping information via a PROP to other packet radios in the network at an average rate of 3.75 seconds per hop.
This allows new radios to be attached to devices and vice
versa
Such correspondences are maintained in the device table
path hop-by-hop and is acknowledged at every packet radio along the path. Forwarding is accomplished via information read from the device and tier tables, and from the packet headers.
packet radio's device-to-packet radio mapping information the destination device ID/address, which is used in packet forwarding.
Pacing Techniques
The pacing protocol provides flow and congestion control
that a packet transmitted to a certain next packet radio be acknowledged (or discarded) before another packet is sent to the same packet radio.
Pacing Techniques
Three packet radios engaged in forwarding packets. The transmitting packet radio L must allow time for the next
packet radio M to receive L's transmission to forward it on also to receive the acknowledgment from its next packet radio N.
The source packet radio must ensure that
its immediate neighbor has succesfully received and
forwarded the packet Also the following neighbor has received and eventually forwarded the same packet. Hence, the source packet radio must wait for a three-frame
Pacing Techniques
If it waits for only a two-frame period, it has no way of
until three times the forwarding delay has elapsed since its transmission of the first packet.
time when a neighboring packet radio is using the medium. its hardware indication bit-synchronization-in-the-lock. is being sensed.
A packet radio is aware if a neighbor is transmitting by reading This bit, when set, implies that the channel is busy and a carrier Whenever a carrier is being sensed, a packet radio will refrain
from transmitting.
a PRNET.
the packet, if it should update the routing header before transmitting, and if it should update its own tables.
Other packet radios within the radio range will also each receive
If these neighbors are not part of the route, they will discard the
overheard packets.
on to the next packet radio but also acknowledges the previous packet radio that the packet was successfully received and is being forwarded. packet reaches the destination node.
This principle of passive acknowledgment will proceed until the Since the destination node does not have a downstream node
and it is the terminating point, an active acknowledgment is sent by the destination node to its upstream node to confirm successful reception of the packet. form of flow control without the excessive use of control packets.
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