Caractersticas generales de la SEGMENTACIN 1.- Divisin del huevo mediante mitosis 2.

- Ciclos mitticos BIFASICOS (M-S) DIVISIONES SINCRNICAS! 3.- Divisiones celulares inicialmente SIMTRICAS, posteriormente ASIMTRICAS 4.- Da origen a blastmeros 5.- No hay aumento de tamao del embrin 6.- Origina a una MRULA y posteriormente a una BLSTULA 7.- Regulado inicialmente por genes maternos, posteriormente por genes del embrin (TRANSICIN DE LA BLASTULA MEDIA)

TIPOS DE SEGMENTACIN Holoblstica Meroblstica

TRANSICIN DE LA BLASTULA MEDIA

Now that we have seen an overview of amphibian gastrulation, we can look more deeply into its mechanisms. The first precondition for gastrulation is the activation of the genome. In Xenopus, the nuclear genes are not transcribed until late in the twelfth cell cycle (Newport and Kirschner 1982a,b). At that time, different genes begin to be transcribed in different cells (siamois, Twin and nodal-related-3 [Xnr3] ), and the blastomeres acquire the capacity to become motile. This dramatic change is called the midblastula transition. It is thought that different transcription factors (such as the VegT protein, mentioned above) become active in different cells at this time, giving the cells new properties. For instance, the vegetal cells (probably under the direction of the maternal VegT protein) become the endoderm and begin secreting the factors that cause the cells above them to become the mesoderm (Wylie et al. 1996).

GASTRULACIN

FORMACIN DE DE LAS CAPAS GERMINALES

Vogt, W. 1929. Gestaltungsanalyse am Amphibienkeim mitoertlicher Vitalfaurbung. II. Gastrulation und Mesodermbildung bie Urodelen und Anuren. Roux' Archiv fur Entwicklungs Mechanik der Organismen 120, 384706.

FORMACIN DEL ENDOBLASTO

VegT
(materno)

Xnr5, Xnr6,

VegT
(cigtico- de la regin dorsal cambia a ventro lateral de la gastrula)

Cantidad de Mesoblasto del PV

Xnr1, Xnr2 y Xnr4 Mixer, Mix1., Mix2., Bix1, Bix2-Milk, Bilk3, Bilk4, GATA (Gata 4, Gata5, Gata6)

MO-Mixer

3 2 Sox7 Xnr1, Xnr1, Xnr2, Xnr4, Xnr5, Xnr6, Mixer y Sox17

Sox7 y

M inici E o de S Bl la s E tul gastr N a ulaci n D ta O rd a Sox17.XNF1 B L A Sox 17 ENDODERMINA S

Mix1-Siamois

Genes de ENDODERMO

FORMACIN DEL MESOBLASTO en Xenopus laevis Marcadores mesodermicos Early mesod: Xbra, Eomes Mes Dor: Xnot Mes Vent: Xvent1

FORMACIN DEL MESOBLASTO en Xenopus laevis

VegTRNAm[] No mesodermo en zona marginal, devil formacin tardia del mesoblasto (por VegT cigtico?)

Polo vegetal con VegTRNAm[]

No induce mesoblasto en la capa animal

VegT (Blastula-Polo vegetal)TGF

MESOBLASTO (ZONA
MARGINAL)

TGF (activinas)

zona marginal (Xbra FGG) MESOBLASTO

Cordina siamois Nogin Noch

Mesoblasto dorsal

-Catenina-Tcf3 regulan la transcripcin de Xnr5 y Xnr6 en las blastmeras dorsales Wnt11, Vg1

Xvent, (marcador mesod ventral) MyoD

Mesoblasto ventral

Xbra, Eomes (marcad mesod) FGF

Xnr2 Xnr5 y Xnr8

Activina B

VegT

Capa animal Ectodermina Contr la degrSmad4 (materna)

Heterodimeri con

Zick2

**

Smad1,Smad2(degra) reuce seal Xnr Sox2,So xDNcam Noggin Chordin FGF Blstula

HoxA1,Hox B1, HoxaD1

Brg1, Xngnr1

XneuroD, Ntubulina

EctNe

Gstrula Temp

Gstrula Tardia

Foxl1e*
Xbp1 BMP4, BMP2; BMP7 Blstula Smad1 R P Smad1P Smad1P +Smad4
cr ans tr

Msx1 Xvent 2

Xghr1, Xap Ectod Epid (Xk81,citoke)