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The autonomic nervous system innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glandular tissues. It has two divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system activates the body's fight or flight response while the parasympathetic nervous system helps to maintain normal bodily functions and resting states. Diseases can occur if either system is over or under active.
The autonomic nervous system innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glandular tissues. It has two divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system activates the body's fight or flight response while the parasympathetic nervous system helps to maintain normal bodily functions and resting states. Diseases can occur if either system is over or under active.
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The autonomic nervous system innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glandular tissues. It has two divisions: the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system activates the body's fight or flight response while the parasympathetic nervous system helps to maintain normal bodily functions and resting states. Diseases can occur if either system is over or under active.
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(Cranial-sacral Outflow) ANS: TWO-NEURON CHAIN SYSTEM SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:
1. First neuron (preganglionic)
located at intermediolateral gray column (lateral horn) of spinal cord from T1 to L2
2. Second neuron (postganglionic)
located at paravertebral ganglia (sympathetic trunk) and prevertebral ganglia (coeliac, mesenteric, aortico-renal ganglia) SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION OF VISCERAL ORGANS PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
TWO PARTS: CRANIAL AND SACRAL
A. Cranial portion: associated with 3, 7, 9, 10 cranial nerves
Nerve First Neuron Second Neuron
(Preganglionic) (Postganglionic)
Oculomotor Edinger-Westphal Nucl Ciliary ganglion
Facial Superior Salivatory Nucl Pterygopalatine gang Submandibular gang Glossopharyngeal Inferior Salivatory Nucl Otic gang Vagus Dorsal Vagal Motor Nucl Cardiac plexus, Terminal gang
B. Sacral Portion: associated with S2, 3 and 4 segments spinal cord
1st neuron - intermediolateral gray matter 2nd neuron- Terminal ganglia, pelvic plexus PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM MODE OF INNERVATION OF ANS (TO REACH TARGETS)
1. VIA SPINAL NERVES
2. VIA CRANIAL NERVES
3. VIA OWN NERVES, e.g, VAGUS NERVES, SPLANCHNIC
NERVE (greater, lesser and least splanchnic nerves)
4. VIA BLOOD VESSELS, ESPECIALLY VIA CAROTID
ARTERIES TO TARGETS IN HEAD REGIONS NEUROTRANSMITTERS OF ANS
Preganglionic neurons: Acetylcholine Postganglionic neurons: Acetylcholine (Cholinergic) FUNCTIONS OF ANS
(1) Sympathetic Division
Fright, fight, flight
e.g. dilates pupils, increases heart rate and output, increases respiration
Neuro-endocrine Axis Adrenal Medulla: Acts as a component of sympathetic postganglionic neurons
Under stressful situations (exams, worries), a
steady output of epinephrine mobilizes blood sugar and fatty acids FUNCTIONS OF ANS
(2) Parasympathetic Division
Generally maintains bodily functions,
restorative processes Constricts pupils, slows heart rate and reduces cardiac output Increases glandular secretion and peristalsis in digestive process, absorption of nutrients; eliminates waste products via micturition, defecation AUTONOMIC CONTROL OF THE HEART AUTONOMIC CONTROL OF BLADDER Hypothalamus: Highest Center of ANS Feeding behavior; Drinking (Water and Salt intake); Thermo-regulation; Control of blood flow by adjusting cardiac output; Regulation of energy metabolism by monitoring blood glucose level; Digestive functions; Regulation of reproductive activities such as sexual orientation; mating behavior
Amygdala: Plays Important Roles in ANS Functions
CLINICAL CORRELATIONS
A. Diseases of the sympathetic division:
1. Horner’s syndrome (anhydrosis, miosis, ptosis)
2. Angina pectoris: severe pain in cardiac ischemia
due to constriction of coronary blood vessels as a result of sympathetic stimulation. The pain felt radiates from left chest and shoulder and inner arm following the track of spinal nerve T1, a classic example of “referred pain”
3. Raynaud’s disease: over-stimulation of sympathetic
nervous system on terminal vessels in lower limbs, leading to “dry gangrene” CLINICAL CORRELATIONS
B. Diseases of the parasympathetic division:
1. Hirschsprung’s disease (congenital megacolon):
lack of bowel movements due to absence of parasympathetic neurons in terminal ganglia (myenteric and submucosal plexuses), resulting in greatly extended bowls, and constipation
2. Peptic ulcer: over-stimulation of the vagus nerve,
leading to excessive secretion of highly acidic gastric juice - ulcer