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By REETAM KANSABANIK. STREAM-electrical 4/28/12

What is Plants capture energy from the sun BioEnergy? through photosynthesis
The energy is stored in plants as cell mass The stored energy in plants (biomass) can be used to produce
a) b) c)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) + sunlight + water sugar

Fuels Heat Power (electricity)

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BIOENERGY CYCLE

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In Simple terms..

Biomas s
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BioEnerg y

Terminol ogy Biomass: Renewable

organic matter Biofuels: Solid, liquid or gaseous fuels produced from biomasses Bioenergy: Any usable 4/28/12 energy obtained from

Biom ass Defined as:

1. Plant and other growing species capable of being used as fuel. 2. Organic material mainly composed of carbohydrate and lignin compounds 3. Stored form of solar energy relying on the process of photosynthesis

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Characterestics of Biomass source Poorly documented energy

Low heating values: ~17.5 GJ/t 20 GJ/t (coal 30-35GJ/t) Contain considerable moisture => energy densities low

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Woody Biomasses

Structural materials cellulose, hemi cellulose and lignin Humidity Consists mostly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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Fuel wood Woody residues Black liquor Other woody biomasses

Types of Woody Biomasses

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Fuel wood

Product from forests and trees elsewhere Often the cheapest and most accessible form of energy Fuel wood use especially in the rural areas of developing countries

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The regional production of fuel Fuel wood wood in 2009

The regional production of fuel wood South America in 1999:

8% Africa 30% Asia 46 % Europe 7%
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North America 8%

Oceania 1% Middle East 0.04 %

Woody Residues

Forestry residues are obtained from forest management, and may increase the future productivity of forests.

Logging residues consist of treetops, branches and refuse 4/28/12logs.

Woody residues

Logging residue harvesting:

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Harvesting method for logging residues based on roadside chipping:

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[VTT

Woody residues

Whole trees and stem wood: either waste stem wood from forestry or smalldimensioned wood unfit for industrial use.

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Woody residues

Bark and stumps Pile of bark chips:

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Woody residues

Sawdust: byproduct of timber sawing Cutter chips: residues of machine planning:

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Black Liquor

By-product of the pulp and paper industry Used for fuelling the heat and power plants of the large pulp and paper mills => possible surplus electricity. Different from other fuels: much water and inorganic matter (eg. alkalis and sulphur) 4/28/12

Black liquor

The main components of black liquor:

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BIOFUE LS

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Biofuels

Most biomasses are also biofuels as such Biomass can be refined into fuels that are easier to store, transport, and use Processed biofuels are:

Solids: Processed solids Liquid: Liquid biofuels Gas: Biogas

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From biomass to biofuel

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Liquid biofuels

Generated by gasification, fermentation, and pyrolysis technologies. Ethanol Methanol Vegetable oils Biodiesel Pyrolysis bio-oil
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BIOENERGY EXTRACTION

Energy from Biofuels

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Combustion of Biofuels

Biofuels can be combusted to release the heat contained in the fuel A boiler is a common device for combusting fuels

An enclosed container that transfers heat released by combustion into the working media The working media is

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Problems with biomass and biofuels

Low heating values Production expensive Decaying with time High moisture content Low energy densities Quality variations Combustion problems
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Net calorific heating values of different fuels

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Biofuel combustion technologies

Fixed bed combustion Fluidized bed combustion Biomass co-firing Black liquor recovery boilers Dust combustion

Fixed bed combustion

Grate furnaces and underfeed stokers Fuel is fed on a stoker, where it is combusted Air is fed from below the stoker

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Fluidized bed combustion

Fuel is burned in a mixture of gas and solid bed material (sand & fuel) Air for combustion is blown in from the bottom of the furnace The flow of the fuel lifts the particles and causes them to behave like a fluid Clean and flexible technology

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Fluidized bed combustion

Advantages:

ability to burn low-grade fuels combustion of several kinds of fuel high combustion efficiency low SO2 emissions low CO and CxHy emissions low combustion temperature

good cycling and load-following capability 4/28/12

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Advantages of BioEnergy nature Biofuels are friendlier to the

than fossil fuels. The fossil fuel reserves will decline biofuels importance rises Diversifying energy sources Employment Energy supply for developing countries 4/28/12

1)

Disadvanta ges.. Biomass produces greenhouse

emissions. It takes more energy to plant ,cultivate and harvest the crops and trees than it is worth to get a net energy gain. Biomass collection is difficult. Biomass crops not available all year.

2)

3) 4)

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The importance of biomass for energetic utilisation will increase. The fuel supply in the future will result at least partly from the utilization of biomass.

The Future.

Biomass will also play an important role as raw material in chemistry. We have already got concepts for bio-refineries.

Promising is the connection of biomass with the use of coal

The use of biomass will become economical with increasing costs for oil But is remains doubtful whether the main part of the future energy supply will be made up of renewable energy. Therefore, the most important line of future energy supply will be the saving of energy.

Already W. Ostwald has postulated the Energetic imperative: Do not waste energy, but use it (1912)

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Bibliography
www.wikipedia.org A book on non conventional energy by B.L.Khan www.google.com Britannica Encyclopedia

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