SADAF GULSHAD FA09-BS(CE)-147

ALIA SHERAZI FA09-BS(CE)-134

RIJA SOHAIL FA09-BS(CE)-118
ANOUSHIA SAJID FA09-BS(CE)-072
A sc]ety devce thct detects too much current n c crcut
cnd opens the crcut to cvod the short crcut/over locd .
A surye ccn hcppen ] electrccl equpment s swtched on
cnd o]] too rcpdly. Sometmes ]cults occur when the
cpplcnces n our homes etc mcl]uncton . For c whole
vcrety o] recsons, the ccbles runnny nto our cpplcnces
mcy suddenly ]nd themselves ccrryny much more voltcye
thcn they should. l] we ddnt hcve juses, power suryes
could dcmcye our televsons, computers, cnd lyht bulbs,
ccuse ]res, cnd mcybe even put our lves ct rsk.
%he ]use element should hcve the ]ollowny
desrcble chcrccterstcs :
() low meltny pont e.y., tn, lecd.
() hyh conductvty e.y., slver, copper.
() ]ree ]rom deterorcton due to oxdcton e.y.,
slver.
(v) low cost e.y., lecd, tn, copper.
%he most commonly used mctercls ]or ]use element
cre lecd, tn, copper, znc cnd slver.
For small currents upto 10 A, tn or cn clloy o] lecd
cnd tn (lecd JZ, tn J) .
For laryer currents, copper or slver s employed.
Fuse s c thn pece o] wre desyned to ccrry c lmted
electrccl current. l] hyher current pcsses throuyh the
wre, tll hect up so much thct t burns or melts. When
t melts, t brecks the crcut ts ]tted to cnd stops the
current ]lowny.
%he ]ollowny terms cre much used n the cnclyss o]
]uses :
() Current ratny oj juse element:
lt s the current whch the ]use element ccn
normclly ccrry wthout overhectny or meltny.
() Fusny current.
lt s the mnmum current ct whch the ]use element
melts cnd thus dsconnects the crcut protected by
t.
For c round wre,
l = k d
3/2
() Fusny jactor. t s the rato oj mnmum jusny
current to the current ratny oj the juse element
.e.
Fusny ]cctor = Mnmum ]usny current
Current rctny o] ]use
lts vclue s clwcys more thcn one.
(v) Prosectve Current.
lt s the r.m.s. vclue o] the ]rst loop o] the ]cult
current obtcned ] the ]use s replcced by cn
ordncry conductor o] neylyble resstcnce.
(v) Cut-ojj current.
lt s the maxmum value oj jault current actually
reached bejore the juse melts.
(v) Pre-arcny tme.
lt s the tme between the commencement oj jault
and the nstant when cut o]] occurs. %he precrcny
tme s yenerclly smcll : c typccl vclue beny
0001second
(v) Arcny tme.
Ths s the tme between the end oj re-arcny
tme and the nstant when the crc s extnyushed.
(v) Total oeratny tme.
lt s the sum oj re-arcny and arcny tmes.
(x) reakny caacty.
lt s the r.m.s. value oj a.c. comonent oj
maxmum rosectve current
thct c ]use ccn decl wth ct rcted servce voltcye.
ln yenercl, ]uses mcy be clcss]ed nto :
() Low voltcyes ]uses
() Hyh voltcye ]uses
Low voltcye ]uses hcve low normcl current rctny cnd
breckny ccpccty.
Low voltcye ]uses ccn be subdvded nto two clcsses
vz.,
() semenclosed rewrecble ]use
() hyh rupturny ccpccty (H.R.C.) ccrtrdye ]use.
() H.R.C. ]use wth trppny devce.
. Sem-enclosed rewreable juse.
Rewre-able juse (also known as kt-kat tye) s
used where low vclues o] ]cult current cre to be
nterrupted.
lt conssts o]
() a base
%he bcse s o] porcelcn cnd ccrres the ]xed
contccts to whch the ncomny cnd outyony phcse
wres cre connected.
() a juse carrer.
%he ]use ccrrer s clso o] porcelcn cnd holds the
]use element (tnned copper wre) between ts
termncls. %he ]use ccrrer ccn be nserted n or
tcken out o] the bcse when desred.
2. Hyh-Ruturny caacty (H.R.C.) cartrdye juse.
lt conssts o] c hect resstny cercmc body hcvny metcl
endccps to whch s welded slver currentccrryny
element. %he spcce wthn the body surroundny the
element s completely pccked wth c ]llny powder. %he
]llny mctercl mcy be chclk, plcster o] pcrs, qucrtz or
mcrble dust cnd ccts cs cn crc quenchny cnd coolny
medum.
3. H.R.C. juse wth trny
devce.
When the ]use blows out under
]cult condtons, the trppny
0evce ccuses the crcut
brecker to opercte
%he body o] the ]use s o]
cercmc mctercl wth c
metcllc ccp rydly ]xed ct
ecch end. %hese cre connected
by c number o] slver ]use
elements. At one end s c
plunyer whch under ]cult
condtons hts the trppny
mechcnsm o] the crcut
brecker cnd ccuses t to
opercte.
HIgh voltage fuses are used at IndustrIal level lIke
transmIssIon lIne and dIstrIbutIon systems etc .
Hyh voltcye ]uses ccn be subdvded nto two clcsses
vIz.,
(I) CartrIdge type.
(II) LIquId type.
(III) |etal clad fuses.
() Cartrdye tye.
%hs s smlcr n yenercl constructon to the
low voltcye ccrtrdye Some desyns employ ]use
elements wound n the ]orm o] c helx so cs to cvod
coronc e]]ects ct hyher voltcyes. Dn some desyns,
there cre two ]use elements n pcrcllel ; one o] low
resstcnce cnd the other o] hyh resstcnce.
() Lqud tye.
lt conssts o] c ylcss tube ]lled wth ccrbon
tetrcchlorde soluton cnd secled ct both ends wth
brcss ccps. %he ]use wre s secled ct one end o] the
tube cnd the other end o] the wre s held by c strony
phosphor bronze sprcl sprny ]xed ct the other end o]
the ylcss tube. When the current exceeds the
prescrbed lmt, the ]use wre s blown out. As the
]use melts, the sprny retrccts pcrt o] t throuyh c
bc]]le (or lqud drector) cnd drcws t well nto the
lqud. %he smcll qucntty o] ycs yenercted ct the pont
o] ]uson ]orces some pcrt o] lqud nto the pcsscye
throuyh bc]]le cnd there t e]]ectvely extnyushes the
crc.
() Metal clad juses.
|etal clad oIlImmersed fuses have been developed
wIth the object of provIdIng a substItute for the oIl
cIrcuIt breaker. Such fuses can be used for very hIgh
voltage cIrcuIts and operate most satIsfactorIly under
shortcIrcuIt condItIons approachIng theIr rated
capacIty.
%he current ccrryny ccpccty o] c ]use element
mcnly depends on the metcl used cnd the cross
sectoncl crec but s c]]ected clso by the lenyth,
the stcte o] sur]cce cnd the surroundnys o] the
]use. When the ]use element cttcns stecdy
tempercture,
Hect produced per sec = Hect lost per second by
convecton, rcdcton cnd
conducton
Dr
l
2
R = Constcnt c E]]ectve sur]cce crec
Dr l
2
(p(l/c) ) = constcnt c d c l
where
d = dcmeter o] ]use element
l = lenyth o] ]use element
l
2
pl/((n/4)d
2
)= constcnt c d c l
or l
2
= constcnt c d
J
or l
2
d
J
...()
Expresson () s known cs ordncry ]use lcw.
() lt s the cheaest jorm oj rotecton avalable.
() lt requres no mantenance.
() lts oeraton s nherently comletely automatc
unlke a crcut breaker whch requres an
elcborcte equpment ]or cutomctc ccton.
(v) lt can break heavy short-crcut currents wthout
nose or smoke.
(v) The smaller szes oj juse element mose a
current lmtny ejject under short-crcut
condtons.
(v) The nverse tme-current characterstc oj a juse
makes t sutable jor overcurrent rotecton.
(v) The mnmum tme oj oeraton can be made
much shorter than wth the crcut breakers.
() Consderable tme s lost n rewrny or relacny
a juse ajter oeraton.
() 0n heavy short-crcuts, *dscrmnaton between
juses n seres cannot be obtaned unless
there s su]]cent d]]erence n the szes o] the
]uses concerned.
() The current-tme characterstc oj a juse cannot
always be co-related wth that oj the rotected
cppcrctus.