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Front View of NEC 10 KW VHF Transmitter

IRD PDA

SWITCHER

EXCITER

PA ANTENNA

BASIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

VHF TV Transmitters
DD-1 (CH-5)
Power Vid. Frequency Aud. Frequency 10 KW 175.25 Mhz 180.75 Mhz

DD-News (CH-8)
Power Vid. Frequency Aud. Frequency 10 KW 196.26 Mhz 201.76 Mhz

Satellite Downlink Parameters

INSAT 3C (For DD-1)
Location D/L Frequency Symbol Rate FEC Polarization Location D/L Frequency Symbol Rate FEC Polarization 740 East 3778.5 Mhz 6.25 Mbps Horizontal 93.50 East 3725 Mhz 27.500 Mbps Horizontal

INSAT 4B (For DD-1 & DD News)

Satellite Downlink Parameters

INSAT 3A (Regional Service)
Location D/L Frequency Symbol Rate FEC Polarization 93.50 East 3940.5 Mhz 6.25 Mbps Vertical

Mast & Antenna

Mast
Type Height Guyed Wire 100 Mtrs.

Antenna
Type Freq. Make Pattern Coverage Area Broadband 170-230 Mhz Dielectric Omnidirectional 65 Km.

Block Diagram of 10 KW VHF Transmitter (NEC)

Exciter

Necessity of Exciter
To get highly linear base band signal To get required IF modulation technique, i.e, IF AM modulation for video and FM modulation for audio. To get the required RF channel To amplify the signal up to the such extent which is required by the next stage.
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EXCITER
A-Mix

IM Corrector

Synthesizer

V-Mix

IF Corrector

V-Mod

A-Mod

DVC

AD-DA

Power Supply

Principle Feature of PCN1610SSPH/1

Overall Linearity Corrector : Most non-linear distortion cause in power amplifier of the transmitter are corrected by the IF corrector unit. In the DVC, ICPM correction or buzz correction is carried out. Both DG and DP correction circuit in the DVC have circuits which maximize isolation from the luminance linearity circuit with consequent ease of overall adjustment.

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 The most significance feature is digital video correction in particular it can be used to corrector automatically by using the output precision TV demodulator

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Mixer and AGC

The mixer is built by combining a band pass filter, a notch filter, a white band amplifier with a double balanced mixer using diodes The IF stage of mixer is provided with an AGC circuit. The AGC circuit is of the pedestal type operating to hold the pedestal or black level constant when used for video signal. If there is no modulation presents the AGC is automatically switched off
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AD-DA Unit
The AD-DA unit has function that converts the video output signal supplied to exciter into PCM signal and sends the PCM signal to a unit for digital correction and which converts the video PCM signal after the digital correction into analog video signal, and supplies the analog video signal to a visual modulator unit This unit also supply 4 fsc clock signal, SC signal, H pulse signal and V pulse signal that a DVC unit needs
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The Function Exercised By ADDA Unit

Allows, Switching between the input video signal from the main line and that form feedback line Converts the analog video signal fed to the exciter into a 10 bit PCM signal, and supplies video data to DVC unit at the next stage. Converts he 12 bit video data from DVC unit into an analog video signal, and supplies the signal to the V.MOD Unit. Clamps the pedestal potential of the video signal.
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 Carries out synchronous separation of the main input video signal, the feedback video input video signal and that of synchronous signal when scrambling is used. Generates 4 fsc clock signal locked to the input video signal or F/B video signal (BCO circuit). Reconstruction the synch pulse of the main input video signal. Changes the clamp potential in the visual blanking period corresponding to video-level inversion scramble for the visual period.

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Block Diagram of 10 KW VHF NEC Transmitter (Mono Sound)

Power Amplifiers V1200GHII TR PA

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Special Features
Wide Band Amplifier. VHF V1200GHII (170-230 MHz) Channel 5-12 V1000GUII (470-570 MHz) Channel 21-32 (570-700 MHz) Channel 33-48 (700-800 MHz) Channel 49-61 (800-860 MHz) Channel 62-69

UHF

The amplifier can be used unmodified for digital and analog T.V. transmitters.
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V1200GHII TR PA mainly consists of six units.

Driver PA1 Circuit. Driver PA2 Circuit. Wilkinson 3 Way Divider. Final PA Circuit 6 Way Combiner and Directional Coupler. Alarm Circuit.
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Driver PA1 Circuit

The Drive PA1 circuit comprises 2 stages of power amplifier circuits containing, a PIN attenuator, a phase shifter, RF limiter, hybrid IC MC5388, and FET 2SK1543. The PIN attenuator is specifically used to adjust the gain of the unit. The Phase Shifter adjusts the phase between 2 units when the units run in parallel with the one another. The phase shifter can adjust the phase in a range within approximately 40 .
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 RF limiter protects the unit from overdrive. Hybrid IC MC5388 which is operated at class A have the gain of approximately 18 dB. The next stage amplifier comprise a MOSFET 2SK1543 which is in class AB operation has a gain of approximately 18 dB. The output from this MOSFET passes through an isolator and then is to the driver PA2.

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Driver PA2 Circuit

Driver PA2 comprise of one stage of power amplifier having a 2SK1543M. Driver PA2 is operated in class AB operation with a gain of approximately 16 dB. The output from the driver PA2 circuit passes through an isolator and then is to the Wilkinson 3-way divider.
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Final PA Circuit
The Final PA Circuit is the final stage amplifier circuit supplied with 6 2SK1543MPs which use a pair of characteristic matched 2SK1543M. The final stage amplifier circuit operated in optimum class AB push-pull design and has a gain of approximately 16 dB and Maximum output of 250 W .
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C.I.B.D.
(Constant Impedance Bandpass Diplexer)

A simple explanation of the CIB diplexer is given below:

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Antenna Systems

What is Antenna
An Antenna is a transducer which transmit or receive electromagnetic waves. or An antenna is a metallic object which used to convert high frequency current into electromagnetic waves and vice versa.

Radiation
Antennas radiate electromagnetic waves, radiation will result from the flow of highfrequency current in a suitable circuit. This is predicted mathematically by the Maxwell equations, which show that current flowing in a wire is accompanied by a magnetic field around it. If the magnetic field is changing, as it does with alter-nating current, an electric field will also be present. A proportion of the electric and magnetic field is capable of leaving the current-carrying wire. How much of it leaves the conductor depends on the relation of its length to the wavelength of the current.

Radiation Pattern
The radiation pattern of an antenna is a graphical representation of the radiation of the antenna a function of direction. When the radiation is expressed as field strength E Volt per meter ,the radiation pattern is a field strength pattern. If the radiation pattern is expressed is term of power per unit solid angle, the resultant pattern as power pattern. A power pattern is a proportional to the square of the field strength pattern.

ISOTROPIC ANTENNA
An Isotropic antenna is a standard reference antenna radiating equally in all direction so that its radiation pattern is spherical. This is very useful property and very easy to visualize but practically such antenna does not exist.

Power density
Power density of an antenna is defined as radiated power per unit area

Standing Wave Ratio (SWR)

The ratio of maximum current to minimum current along a transmission line is called the standing-wave ratio, as is the ratio of maximum to minimum voltage, which is equal to the current ratio. The SWR is a measure of the mismatch between the load and the line, and is the first and most important quantity calculated for a particular load.

PART-II
Details of antennas used in TV Transmission/Reception

Circulators
A circulator is a ferrite device somewhat like a rat race. It is very often a four-port (i.e. fourterminal) device. It has the property that each terminal is connected only to the next clockwise terminal. Thus port 1 is connected to port 2, but not to 3 or 4 ; 2 is connected to 3, but not to 4 or 1; and so on. The main applications of such circulators are either the isolation of transmitters and receivers connected to the same antenna or isolation of input and output in two-terminal amplifying devices such as parametric amplifiers.

Coding System

 VHF TV Transmitter: PCN-16 [a][a] SS [b][c]/[d][e] UHF TV Transmitter: PCN-11 [a][a] SS [b]/[d][e] [a][a] : Output Power (kW) e.g., 10 10 kW R5 500 W 2R5 2.5 kW

 [b] : Configuration non Basic Transmitter (Single Exciter, Single Blower) PE Dual Exciter, Single Blower PP Dual Exciter, Single Blower Plural TR PA P Dual Exciter, Dual Blower Plural TR PA W Active Reserve System (Exciter Changeover) WX Active Reserve System (OSC Changeover)

 [c] : L Band I H Band II [d] : Visual/Aural Power Ratio 1 10:1 4 4:1 5 5:1 [e] : Rack Size non Standard Rack S Small Rack